Unit 4 Solutions

Solubility Rules, Electrolytes, Strong Acids and Bases

Group 1 elements and
Group 1 elements and ammonium are soluble

Li⁺, Na⁺,K^+, NH₄⁺

No Exceptions

Acetates and Nitrates are soluble

C₂H₃O₂^-,NO₃^-

No Exceptions

Most Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides are soluble

Cl^-, Br^-, I^-

Exceptions: Unless paired with Cu⁺, Ag⁺, Hg₂^2+, Pb²⁺

Most Sulfates are soluble

SO₄^2-

Exceptions: Unless paired with Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

Carbonates,Phosphates and Fluorides are insoluble

CO₃^2-, PO₄^3-, F^-

Exceptions: Unless Paired with Group 1 or NH₄

Hydroxides and Sulfides are insoluble

OH^-, S^2-

Exceptions: Unless paired with Group 1 or NH4+, or Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

Insolubility Rules

Combining anions and cations not listed in any of the rules results in the formation of an insoluble compound

Strong Electrolyte

Total dissociation, conductivity is efficient 

Types: Strong Acids (HCl), Strong Bases (NaOH), Soluble Salts (NaCl)

Weak Electrolyte 

Partial Dissociation, conductivity is slightly efficient

Types: Weak Acids (HF, HNO₂ ), Weak Bases (NH₃)

Nonelectrolyte

No Dissociation, no conductivity

Types: Molecular Compounds (CH₃CH₂OH, Sugars)

Perchloric acid 

HClO₄

Sulfuric Acid 

H₂SO₄

Hydroiodic acid

HI

Hydrobromic acid

HBr

Hydrochloric acid

HCl

Nitric acid

HNO₃

Lithium hydroxide

LiOH

Sodium hydroxide 

NaOH

Potassium hydroxide

KOH

Calcium hydroxide

Ca(OH)₂

Strontium hydroxide

Sr(OH)₂

Barium hydroxide

Ba(OH)₂