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Periodic timing
A primary type of timing for cyclical activity that occurs during a 24-hour period.
Circadian rhythm
A rhythm of activity or physiological state resulting from an internal clock with an approximate 24-hour cycle.
Entrainment
The process by which the internal circadian rhythm synchronizes with the external day/night cycle.
Free-running rhythm
A circadian rhythm that does not align exactly with the day/night cycle.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The area of the brain in the hypothalamus that contains the light-entrained circadian clock, linking the retinal ganglion and pineal gland.
Interval timing
Behavior influenced by relatively arbitrary, short durations signaled by arbitrary stimuli that can occur at any time of day.
Scalar property
The phenomenon where responses peak at a specific time interval, following a normal distribution but with a wider curve than shorter intervals.
Temporal generalization
The continuation of responses for durations that differ yet are close to the target duration.
Scalar Expectancy Theory (Pacemaker model)
A model where a switch is activated at the start of a timed event, allowing pulse accumulation until the event ends, with information transferred to long-term memory.
Oscillator model
A model positing the presence of oscillators that fluctuate rhythmically, coding timed event durations by vectors representing each oscillator's phase.
Approximate number system
The ability to discriminate between two durations or arrays of objects based on a common feature.
Relative numerosities
The ability to approximate a quantity in relation to another quantity.
Approximate number system and math skills
The hypothesis that the approximate number system underlies formal mathematical computation and counting.
Individual differences in the approximate number system
Variability in this system exists even in infancy and predicts later math scores.
Training the approximate number system
May improve formal math ability.
Analog magnitude representation
A 'noisy' representation of a set of items proportional to the number of items.
Weber’s law
The principle that responses to longer time intervals exhibit greater variability.
Parietal cortex
The brain region that processes magnitude, spatial, and movement information, including the somatosensory cortex.
Small set signature
The idea that two systems may govern discrimination in small sets, with outputs not comparable between systems.
Object tracking system
A proposed mechanism for small number discrimination, using mental indexes to track individual objects.
Operations
Procedures on numbers, such as addition or subtraction.
Ordinality
The ability to order numbers based on their relative magnitudes.
