Cross-cultural psychology of health and illness | Quizlet

Enculturation

transmitting certain culture guidelines to the next generation

What are the 3 levels of culture?

1. Tertiary level = explicit, visible culture to the outsider -> facade of a culture.

2. Secondary level = underlying shared beliefs/rules, known to insiders but rarely shared with outsiders -> social norms.

3. Primary / deepest level = implicit, out of awareness rules -> roots.

Absolutist approach

Psychological phenomena are the same across all cultures, processes and behaviors vary.

Relativist approach

Psychological phenomena only exist within the context of a culture.

What are the levels of universality when it comes to psychological processes?

- Nonuniversal = does not exist in all cultures.

- Existential universal = available in all cultures, but not used to solve the same problems/functions.

- Function universal = exists in all cultures and serves same function, but more accessible to people from some cultures than others.

- Accessibility universal = exists in all cultures, has the same function and is accessible to the same degree across cultures.

Color-blind approach

Focuses on the similarities between people and cultures.

Multicultural approach

Focuses on and respects group differences.

Ethnocentrism

Judging people from other cultures by the standards of own culture.

Methodological equivalence

How easily can you apply measures across cultures?

Response bias

factors that distort the accuracy of a person's response to survey questions.

Moderacy bias

Tendency to choose numbers toward midpoint of scale.

Extremity bias

Tendency to express their argeement in extreme points of the scale.

Acquiescence bias

Tendency to always agree.

Reference group effect

different cultures use different standards to answer the same question.

Deprivation effects

tendency for people (or cultures) to value what they would like, not what they have.

Between-groups manipulation

different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable.

Within-groups manipulation

each participant receives each level of the independent variable.

What are the 2 specific methods for studying culture?

1. Situation sampling = 2 cultures asked to describe situations they had experienced and the others imaging how they would have felt in that situation.

2. Cultural priming = making certain ideas more accessible to participants.

Belief persevarence effect

Holding on to your views in the face of conflicting evidence.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Expectations lead to thinking you see confirmatory evidence.

Availability bias

Overestimation of frequency of occurrence of salient events.

Representativeness bias

Judgments/decisions based on how people or situations match a particular prototype or stereotype.

Fundamental attribution error

Overestimating internal causes of behavior (e.g. influence of personality) and underestimating situational context.

3 commonalities across cultures in what is perceived as attractive

1. Clear complexion

2. Bilateral symmetry

3. Average features (face)

Human biology varies across cultures because of 2 mechanisms:

1. Innate biological differences = selection pressures over generations (e.g. skin color).

2. Acquired biological differences = cultural effects on one's biology in 1 life-time independent of genes (e.g. those sea nomad kids).

gene-culture coevolution

Humans have evolved biological mechanisms to depend on cultural info, and that in turn enhances their fitness.

Self-enhancement

Motivation to view oneself positively

Self-esteem

The overall extent to which they view themselves positively.

Self-serving bias

Tendency for people to exaggerate their positive characteristics when evaluating themselves.

Compensatory self-enhancement

You acknowledge the negative, but focus on your positives.

Discounting

reducing the perceived importance of their poor performance

External attribution

Interpreting the reason for your poor performance as caused by some external factor.

Face

The amount of social values others grant you if you live up to standards associated with your societal position, or whether they think your doing well.

Self-improvement

Identifying weaknesses and working on correcting them.

Prevention orientation

Avoiding bad things

Promotion orientation

Securing good things

Entity theory of the world

The environment is fixed and our actions do not change it

Secondary control / external locus of control

Achieved by trying to align oneself with their existing reality, accepting and confirming to it.

Incremental theory of the world

That the environment is flexible and responsive to our efforts and actions.

Primary control / internal locus of control

By trying to shape and shift existing realities to match their desires, goals and perceptions.

Learned helplessness

Idea that when one feels powerless or unable to control or avoid unpleasant events, it leads to stress or depression.

Independent view of self

Derive their identity from inner attributes

Interdependent view of self

See themselves as a relational entity that is fundamentally connected to and sustained by a number of significant relationships.

High self-consistency

Act pretty much the same in all different contexts and situations

Low self-consistency

Act differently depending on who they are with.

Cognitive dissonance

the distressing feeling we have when we observe ourselves behaving inconsistently.

Incremental theory of the self

Belief that one's self-concept is fluid and responds to one's efforts. It can easily change and is expected to change.

Entity theory of the self

Belief that aspects of the self are resistant to change, views one's abilities and traits as fixed.

What are the 5 core traits or the Big Five / Five Factor model of personality?

- Openness to experience

- Conscientiousness

- Extraversion

- Agreeableness

- Neuroticism

Epigenetics

Environmental factors cause genes to switch on or off without modification of the DNA sequence.

Analytic thinking

A focus on objects and their attributes.

Hollistic thinking

A focus on the context as a whole

Field independence

the tendency to separate objects from their backgrounds

Field dependence

the tendency to view objects as bound to their backgrounds

Dispositional attributions

Trying to understand other's behavior by considering their inner characteristics.

Situational attributions

Explaining behavior by considering how the context and situation are influencing it.

Naïve dialecticism

The acceptance of contradiction, because everything is connected.

Sensitive period

a period of time in an organism's development that allows for relaticely easy acquisition of skills.

Secure attachment

Occasionally seek their mother's presence when she's around, and intensify their desire to be closer to her after being left alone in an unfamiliar situation.

Avoidant attachment

Show little distress at their mother's absence, and avoid her on her return.

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

Show frequent distress when their mother is either present or absent, they alternate between wanting to be close to her and pushing her away.

Disorganized

Show fear towards their caregiver, as they have a fear-avoidant attachment style.

Authoritarian parenting

Low levels of warmth by the parent to the child's protests. High demand on child, strict rules and little dialogue between child/parent.

Authoritative parenting

Child-centered approach in which parents hold high expectations of the maturity of their children. Child encouraged to be independent while maintaining limits and controle on their behavior. Parental warmth, responsiveness and democratic reasoning.

Permissive parenting

Parents very involved with their child, with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness, but placing few limits and controls on the child's behavior.

Neglectful parenting

Parents are cold, unresponsive, and indifferent to the child.

Acculturation

process in which people who have moved to a new, unfamiliar location, learn and adapt to a culture that is different from their own.

What are the stages of adjustment

- Honeymoon stage

- Crisis stage (Culture shock)

- Adjustment stage

Cultural distance

The difference between the 2 cultures in their overall ways of life -> the more cultural distance someone needs to travel, the harder the acculturation proces is.

Cultural fit

Degree to which an individual's personality and sense of self are compatible with the dominant values of host culture -> the greater the cultural fit, the easier it is to acculturate.

What are the 4 strategies of acculturation

1. Integration strategy

2. Marginalization strategy

3. Assimilation strategy

4. Separation strategy

Integration strategy

efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture. Positive views towards both cultures.

Marginalization strategy

little to no effort to participate in one's host or heritage culture. Negative views towards both cultures.

Assimiliation strategy

Efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while making little effort to maintain heritage culture traditions. Positive attitudes toward host culture and negative attitudes toward heritage culture.

Separation strategy

Efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture, and no effort to participate in the host culture. Positive attitudes toward heritage culture and negative toward the host culture.

Identity denial

When people's cultural identity is questioned because they are not recognized as matching the prototype of the cultural group to which they belong.

Stereotype threat

the fear of behaving in a way that will confirm a negative stereotype about one's group.

Blending

Tendency for bicultural people to show psychological characteristics between 2 cultures.

Frame-switching

Alternating between different cultural selves (e.g. language)

Bicultural identity integration

the extent to which people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other.

Integrative complexity

a willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue

Institutional racism

processes of racism that are embedded in laws, policies, and practices of society and its institutions that provide advantages to racial groups deemed as superior, while differentially oppressing racial groups seen as inferior.

Cultural racism

prejudices and discrimination based on cultural differences between ethnic or racial groups.

James-Lange Theory of emotions

that our body responds to environmental stimuli by putting us in fight-or-flight mode, and emotions are the physiological cues that signal how we should behave. Therefore, every emotion is similar for everyone.

Two-factor theory of emotions

Emotions are based on 2 factors:

- the physiological responses

- And our interpretations of them

Display rules

Culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation, and how intensely they should be shown.

Culture-bound syndrome

A group of psychological symptoms that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors and therefore occur far less often or are manifested in highly diverse ways, in other cultures.

Somatization

When symptoms are primarily physical

Psychologization

Symptoms are primarily psychological