repository system vocab

external repiration

exchange of air in lung capillaries

internal respiration

exchange of gases in the cells

mediastinum

middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches

bronchi

each leads to a separate lung

hilum

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit

adenoids

lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharygeal tonsils

alveolus

air sac in the lung

apex of the lung

tip or uppermost portion of the lung

base of the lung

the lower portion of the lung

bronchioles

the smallest branches of the bronchi

bronchus

the branch of the trachea

carbon dioxide

gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs

cilia

thin hair attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract

diaphragm

muscle separating the best and abdomen; contracts to pull air into lung; relaxes to push air out

epiglottis

lid-like peice of cartilage that covers the larynx; keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing

glottis

slit-like opening to the larynx

hilum (of lung)

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

inspiration

breathing in (inhalation)

larynx

voice box; contains the vocal chords

lobe

division of a lung

mediastinum

the region between lungs in the chest cavity; contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes

nares

openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities

oxygen (O₂)

Gas that makes up 21% of air; passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cellsp

palatine tonsil

one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx

paranasal sinus

one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose

parietal pleura

outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

pharynx

the throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

pleura

double-folded membrane surrounding each lung

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura

pulmonary parenchyma

essential parts of the lung, respondisle for respiration, bronchioles and alveoli

respiration

the process of moving air into the out of the lungs; breathing

trachea

windpipe

visceral pleura

inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

ausculation

lisenting to sounds inside the body using a stethoscope. Doctors often use it to check heart and lungs sounds

percussion

a technique where the body surfaced is taped. The sound produced helps determine the condition of underlying oranges or tissues.

pleural rub

a harsh, grating sound heard during breathing. it occurs when inflamed pleural layers rub against each other

Rales (crackles)

abnormal popping sounds heard in the lungs during inhalation. They are caused by fluid or secretions in the small airways or alveoli

rhonchi (singular rhonchus)

low-pitched, rattling lung sounds heard during breather, They are usually caused by mucus or obstruction in the larger airways

sputum

mucus and other secretions expelled from the respiratory tract by coughing. It may contain, bacteria, cells, or debris from the lungs.

stridor

a high-pitched, harsh sounds heard during breathing. It is caused by narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway

wheezes

continous, high pitched whistling sounds heard during breath. They result from narrowed or inflamed airways

croup

a viral infections that causes inflammation that causes inflammation of the larynx and trachea. It leads to airway swelling and a characteristic barking cough

diptheria

a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It produces a thick membrane in the throat that can obstruct the airway.

epistaxis

bleeding from the blood vessels inside the nasal cavity. It occurs when the nasal mucosa becomes damaged or irritated

pertussis

a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by bordetella pertussis. It produces severe coughing spells following my a “whooping” sound during inhalation

asthma

a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It causes bronchial narrowing, airway swelling, and increased mucus production

bronchiectasis

a chronic condition involving permanent dilation of the bronchi. It results in mucus buildup and repeated respiratory infections.

chronic bronchitis

long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes. it is characterized by persistent cough and excessive mucus production

cystic fibrosis

a genetic disorder affecting the exocrine glands. It causes think,sticky mucus to accumulate int he lungs and digestive system

atelectasis

collaspsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

emphysema

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

lung cancer

malignant tumor arising from the lung and bronchi

pneumoconiosis

abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dusts; with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

pneumonia

acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction

pulmonary abscess

large collection of pus (bacterial infections) in the lungs

pulmonary edema

fluid in the air secs bronchioles

pulmonary embolism

clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung

pulmonary fibrosis

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs

sarcoidosis

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs

tuberculosis

infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs are usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected

mesothelimoa

rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura

pleural effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

pneumothorax

collection of air in the pleural space

bronchoscopy

fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes

endotracheal intubation

placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway

laryngoscopy

visual examination of the voice box

lung biopsy

removal of the lung tissue followed by microscopic examination

mediasinoscopy

endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum

thoracentesis

needle is inserted into pleural space to remove excess fluid

thoracotomy

large surgical incision of the chest

thoracoscopy

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope

tracheostomy

surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck