Chapter 3: measurement in exercise science
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31 Terms
The degree of truthfulness in a measurement, indicating whether a measurement accurately reflects the attribute it is intended to measure.
why is validity crucial for a measurement specialist in exercise science?
it ensures that the measurements taken truly reflect the characteristics they are intended to assess. Without valid measurements, any research or evaluation conducted would be meaningless, as the data would not accurately represent the variables of interest.
The consistency or repeatability of a measurement, referring to the objectivity of the measurement and the individual administering it.
objectivity
subset of reliability that refers to the consistency of a measurement across different test administrators
why is objectivity crucial for a measurement specialist in exercise science?
it minimizes errors and ensures that test scores are not unduly influenced by who is administering or scoring the test
why is reliability crucial for a measurement specialist in exercise science?
crucial for a measurement specialist in exercise science because it ensures that the measurements taken are consistent and repeatable under the same conditions.
Nominal Measurement
Non-numerical measures labeled by name/category, providing only minimal information. ex: jersey #s but we can’t say 2 players with the same number are both the same
Ordinal Measurement
Measures that rank people or objects. ex: ranking 3-point percentage.
Interval Measurement
Measures characterized by equal intervals between values, with zero not indicating the absence of a quantity. ex: temperature
Ratio Measurement
Measures with an absolute zero point, allowing for statements of comparison such as '10 pounds is twice as much as 5 pounds'.
Cognitive Domain
Refers to knowledge and mental achievement, and includes activities aimed at assessing or developing these aspects. ex: examinations
requirements for developing an affective written test in exercise science?
1) know the proper techniques for written test construction
2) have knowledge about subject area
3) be skilled at written expression
4) be aware of level of knowledge by those taking the test
5) be patient, trial and error
mastery test
measures of examinees has the level of understanding to achieve a prescribed standard
achievement test
discriminates examinees based on their various levels of understanding
purpose of table of specification in the context of planning a written test?
it is a blueprint for the written test; includes learning objectives
practical concerns related to administering a written test in exercise science settings?
security, examinee test anxiety, prevention of cheating, test distribution
primary goals when analyzing a written test?
making sure is has reliability and validity; making sure it accesses what it’s intended to
ongoing research issues related to the assessment of physical fitness in various populations?
children through older adults
males vs females
individuals w/ physical disabilities
Involves physiological and physical performance activities; focus in exercise science
Mid 20th Century Advances in Measurement
The mid 20th century saw advances in mathematics and statistics, alongside World War II, which emphasized the necessity of measuring physical fitness for military readiness and training.
methods of measuring reliability
Test-retest: Administering the same test to the same participants twice to assess the stability of scores over time.
Equivalence: Comparing scores from two "equivalent" but not identical measurements of the same characteristic.
Split-halves: Comparing scores from one half of a measuring instrument with the other half (e.g., odd vs. even numbered items).
Intraclass: Used when more than two trials of a test are available, reflecting consistency across multiple trials.
These methods ultimately yield a correlation coefficient that expresses the consistency of the measurement.
purposes of measurement
For Classification: To group individuals based on their level of an attribute, which can help in instruction or research. This can also involve creating norms.
For Motivation: To encourage interest and goal setting by comparing an individual's performance against standards or norms.
For Achievement Assessment: To evaluate progress and final attainment of goals in training or instruction using formative and summative evaluation.
For Forecasting Potential and Prediction: To predict an individual's future success or risk based on current measurements.
For Research: Fundamental for conducting any scientific investigation in exercise science.
classification
the process of grouping individuals into distinct categories based on the extent to which they possess a specific attribute; This can be used to facilitate instruction (e.g., ability grouping) or to assign participants to different groups in research.
motivation
using comparison of achievement with norms or standards to stimulate interest and potentially foster goal-setting behaviors.
program evaluation
assessing the success of a program in achieving its objectives; This might involve comparing participants' fitness test results to norms or measuring client satisfaction in fitness programs.
important aspect to assess when analyzing a written test?
An important aspect to assess when analyzing a written test is its reliability and validity as a measuring instrument.
examples of physical fitness tests commonly used in exercise science?
endurance training
body fat calculations (underwater)
how do exercise scientists approach measurement in the affective domain?
by focusing on assessing attitudes, states, and traits, particularly as they relate to physical performance and participation; This includes characteristics like anxiety and motivation.
taxonomy
a classification system that organizes elements within a specific domain into a hierarchical structure, often implying that earlier levels are foundational for achieving later levels.