Physiology: Chapter 7 - Energy Balance and Diabetes

the cells in what system can ONLY burn glucose (long term)

the nervous system

Food intake is intermittent (we don’t eat all day everyday) while glucose requirement is continuous.

Basic Energy Dilemma

if glucose is moved from the blood to the cells what happens to our blood sugar?

it goes down (lowers blood sugar)

if glucose (sugar) is moved from our cells to our blood what happens to our blood sugar?

it goes up (raises blood sugar)

The process of converting glucose to glycogen for storage.

Glycogen Metabolism

when glucose changes/assembles into of glycogen

Glycogenesis

what happens when our blood sugar is too high?

glucose gets assemble/changes  into glycogen. 

what happens when our blood sugar is too low?

glycogen gets broken down into glucose. 

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Glycogenolysis

what organ does gluconeogenesis happen in?

liver

what happens when new glucose molecules are synthesized (made) from proteins and fats?

Gluconeogenesis

what are your proteins, fats, and sugars?

biomolecules

_____ can be broken down to release energy, used to synthesize other molecules, and converted to energy storage molecules in the form of glycogen (carbohydrate) or triglycerides (fat)

biomolecules

 muscle contraction, building molecules (like proteins), and active transport like the Na+/K+ ATPase

examples of work

the mount of energy (ATP) (heat + work) released per unit of time and is influenced by muscular activity, age, gender, and several other factors. 

metabolic rate (metabolism) 

do our bodies make or store ATP?

make only

what is roughly equal to rate of oxygen consumption?

Our Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

 We need oxygen to make the majority of the ATP that we use. The more oxygen we use, the more ATP we are making, which is a reflection of how much ATP we are using.

BMR (metabolic rate)

Energy stored =

energy input – energy output

Positive Energy Balance

Energy input > Energy output

Negative Energy Balance

Energy input < Energy output

During what state will your cells will assemble glucose into glycogen and use the excess energy to build fats and proteins. 

Absorptive  

in what state do the other cells in the body begin to burn protein and fat so that any glucose can enter the bloodstream and be sent to the cells in the nervous system.? Absorptive or Postabsorbative?

Postabsorptive

3-4 hours following a meal when energy is stored. (positive energy balance)

Absorptive State

The period between meals and/or after 4 hrs of not eating when energy is mobilized, negative energy balance, and Glucose sparing happens (most cells metabolize proteins and fat, saving glucose for the nervous system)

Postabsorptive State

Cells that store fat (triglycerides).

Adipocytes

a tissue that is fat (used for long-term energy storage)

Adipose

the hormones that get realeasd during Transitions between post-absorptive and absorptive states

Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine (IEG)

usally not in the membrane and binds to the Insulin receptor on normal body cells which allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells. (transport protein)

GLUT 4

An anabolic hormone that promotes synthesis (making/building) of most molecules (prevents the breakdown of most molecules)

Insulin

A catabolic hormone that signals to stop building molecules such as fat and protein, for normal cells to burn fats and proteins for energy (saving glucose for the nervous system), and to break down glycogen to raise the blood sugar. (breaking down of molecule)

Glucagon

A hormone that suppresses insulin and stimulates glucagon. (prepares you for fight or flight by producing “glucose” to raise your blood sugar so that your nervous system cells can function under stressful conditions (does the same thing as glucagon)

Epinephrine

blood glucose > 140mg/dL, indicative of diabetes.

Hyperglycemia

blood glucose < 60mg/dL,

Hypoglycemia

A measure of how much sugar is attached to your red blood cells. 

A1C

dooesn’t produce enough insulin due to damage to pancreatic Beta cells

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

targets cells throughout body do not respond well to insulin, larger genetic factor than Type 1, lifestyle/obesity also play a large role

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A decrease in blood pH due to buildup of acidic ketones and a direct result of hyperglycemia. 

Ketoacidosis

Increased blood osmolarity often seen in diabetes.

Hyperosmolality

A form of fat stored in adipose tissue.

Triglyceride

An organ that produces insulin and glucagon.

Pancreas

A measurement of body fat based on height and weight.

BMI (Body Mass Index)

what causes increased urine output? If blood sugar is high, there is excess glucose in the blood, glucose gets filtered out into our urine. With more glucose in our urine, water will move into our urine because of osmosis. This increases the volume of our urine, resulting in increased urination. 

hyperglycemia

1. Extreme hyperglycemia in elderly patients,

2. Increased urination,

3. Dehydration

4. Decreased blood volume

5. Increased blood osmolarity (blood becomes thicker)

6. Coma due to increased blood clotting

Hyper-osmolar Non-ketotic Coma

can happen from an accidental insulin overdose as part of diabetes treatment, blood glucose is decreased, and the nervous system is damaged. 

Hypoglycemic Coma