ULL Bio 221 Exam 2

central nervous system (CNS)

central nervous system (CNS)

consists of the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

cerebral hemispheres

cerebral hemispheres

The right and left halves of the cerebrum

cortex

cortex

outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

gyri

gyri

ridges of the brain

sulci

sulci

shallow grooves that separate gyri

fissures

fissures

deep grooves in the brain

longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure

separates cerebral hemispheres

central sulcus

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information

axon, nucleus, and dendrites

What are the parts of the neuron?

cerebrum

cerebellum

cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

diencephalon

thalamus

hypothalamus

diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

brainstem

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

postcentral gyrus

postcentral gyrus

the strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body

precentral gyrus

precentral gyrus

the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control

prefrontal cortex

prefrontal cortex

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

occipital lobe

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

temporal lobe

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

olfactory bulbs and tracts

olfactory bulbs and tracts

Receive information about smells from the nose and send it to the brain.

- postcentral gyrus

- precentral gyrus

- prefrontal cortex

- occipital lobe

- temporal lobe

What are the functional areas?

optic nerve

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

optic chiasma

optic chiasma

the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain

optic tract

optic tract

How information from the optic nerve travels to the thalamus

pituitary gland

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands; only on brains with dura mater

mammillary body

mammillary body

one of a pair of limbic system structures that are connected to the hippocampus

cerebral peduncles

cerebral peduncles

contain fibers that carry motor output from cerebrum to other regions of CNS

- olfactory bulbs and tracts

- optic nerve

- optic chiasma

- optic tract

- pituitary gland

- mammillary body

- cerebral peduncles

- pons

- medulla oblongata

- cerebellum

What are the parts on the ventral surface of the brain?

corpus callosum

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

lateral ventricle

lateral ventricle

A complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain.

choroid plexus

choroid plexus

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.

fornix

fornix

a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

septum pellucidum

third ventricle

septum pellucidum

thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles

third ventricle

the ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon

pineal body

pineal body

a structure found between the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates; secretes melatonin

superior colliculi

superior colliculi

visual reflexes

inferior colliculi

inferior colliculi

auditory reflexes

cerebral aqueduct

cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

arbor vitae of the cerebellum

arbor vitae of the cerebellum

tree like arrangement of white matter

dura mater

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

arachnoid mater

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

pia mater

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

1. Olfactory

2. Optic

3. Oculomotor

4. Trochlear

5. Trigeminal

6. Abducens

What are the 6 cranial nerves?

olfactory nerve

olfactory nerve

the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain

oculomotor nerve

oculomotor nerve

eye movement

trochlear nerve

trochlear nerve

eye movement (2)