Animal Classification, Phylogenetics, and Plant Diversity Overview: BIO 181 Exam 3

What are the three types of skulls in vertebrates?

Anapsid, Diapsid, and Synapsid.

What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic animals?

Endothermic animals regulate their body temperature internally, while exothermic animals rely on environmental temperatures.

What are extraembryonic membranes?

Membranes that support the embryo's development, found in amniotes like mammals and birds.

What is the primary excretory product of mammals?

Urea.

What is the primary excretory product of birds?

Uric Acid.

What is the principle of parsimony in phylogenetics?

The simplest explanation or tree that requires the least number of changes is preferred.

What is cephalization?

The concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue at the anterior end of an organism.

What are the four basic tissue types in animals?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is homoplasy?

The occurrence of similar traits in different species due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestry.

What are the main groups of fungi?

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota.

What is the lifestyle of fungi?

Fungi are heterotrophs that consume organic material, often through extracellular digestion.

What is mycorrhizae?

A symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots that enhances nutrient uptake.

What are bryophytes?

Non-vascular plants like mosses that require water for reproduction.

What are pteridophytes?

Vascular plants that reproduce via spores, such as ferns.

What are spermatophytes?

Seed-producing plants, including angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (naked seeds).

What is the significance of the coelom in animal development?

The coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that allows for the development and organization of internal organs.

What is the role of hyphae in fungi?

Hyphae are filamentous structures that make up the body of fungi, allowing for nutrient absorption.

What is the difference between saprophytic and parasitic fungi?

Saprophytic fungi decompose dead organic matter, while parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from living hosts.

What is the significance of Candida albicans in human health?

Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast that can cause infections in humans.

What is the basic body plan shared by most animals?

Most animals share a basic body plan that includes tissue organization, symmetry, and a coelom.