Anthropology Final Exam-2200

CSCC

Applied Anthropology

Use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems.

Ethnographic method

a qualitative research approach where researchers immerse themselves in a specific social setting to understand a group's culture, behaviors, and experiences from their perspective

Ethnographic Method Benefits

Valuable tool in applying anthropology.

Involves a firsthand study of societies.

Bronislaw Malinowski

One of the founders of “practical anthropology.”

Worked with colonial regimes during the early 20th

Development Anthropology

Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development.

Increased Equity

Reduction in absolute poverty, with a more even distribution of wealth

Negative Equity

Wilden gap between haves and have nots

Over Innovation

Trying to acheive too much change

Underdifferentiation

Planners tendency to view less- developed countries as being more alike than what they are

Madagascar

Indigenous model; The malagasy were organized into descent groups prior to indigenous state formation

Anthropology and Education

Study of students in the context of their family, peers and enculturation

Urban Anthropology

Cross-Cultural and ethnographic study of urbanization and life in cities.

Medical Anthropolgy

Comparative, biocultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems

Disease

Scientifically Identified health threat caused by a known pathogen

Illness

Condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual within particular culture

Personalistic Disease Theories

Blame illness on such agents as sorcerers, witches, ghosts, or ancestrial spirits. ( Personal Beliefs )

Nturalistic Disease Theories

Explains illness in impersonal terms, Western medicine; Illness linked to scientifically demonstrated agents. (Normal Diagnosis)

Emotionalistic Disease Theories

Assume that emotional experiences cause illness, susto in Latin America. (Causes by Sadness, Anger, Greif, ect.)

Health Care systems

Beliefs, customs, specialists, and techniques aimed at ensuring health and diagnosing and curing illness

Curer

One who diagnoses and treats illness

Scientific Medicine

Health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures

Public Anthropology

Efforts extend anthropologys visbility beyond academia and to demonstrate its public policy and relevance

Applied Anthropolgy

Use of Anthropological data, perspectices, theories, and methods used to identify contemporary problems

Food production

plant cultivation and animal domestication

Foraging

Economy based on hunting, gathering, and/or fishing.

Adaptive strategy

a society's main system of economic production

Yehundi Cohens typology

Foraging, horticulture,agriculture,pastorialism, and industrialism

Correlations

associations between two or more variables

Band

basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people; may split seasonally

Typical Characteristics in Foragers

Flexability and Mobility

Present in Non-industrial societies

1. Horticulture 2. Aggriculture 3. Pastorialism

Horticulture

Nonintensive Plant cultivation without fallowing

Agriculture

Cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensivley

Cultivation Continuum

a continuum of land and labor use running from horticulture (noncontinuous, nntensive) to agriculture (continuous, intensive)on-i

Pastorialists

Herders of whose activities focas on domestic animals

Pastoral nomadism

The annual movement of an entire pastoral group with herds

Transhumance

Part of the group moved with the heard

Economy

A system for producing and distributing goods, and services to fulfill people's wants

Mode of production

Way of organizing production

Means ( Factors) of production

include land, labor, technology, and capital

Peasents

small scale agricultiralists with rent fund obligations

market principle

Buying,selling and valuation based on supply and demand

Redistribution

Flow of goods from the local level into center then back out

Reciprocity

Exchange between social equals who are normally related by kinship,marriage, or close personal ties

Reciprocity contunuum

runs from generalized reciprocity ( closley related/deferred return) to negative reciprocity ( starngers/ immediate return)

Generalized reciprocity

exchanges among closely related individuals

Balanced reciprocity

midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative reciprocity

Negative reciprocity

potentially hostile exchanges among strangers

Potlatch

festive event within regional exchange system among tribes of North Pacific Coast of North America

Power

Ability to exercise one's will over others

Tribe

Food-producing society with a rudimentary political structure.

Chiefdom

Intermediate between tribe and state that feature differential access to resources and a permanent political structure.

State

Formal governmental structure with socioeconomic stratification.

Village head

Local tribal leader with limited authority. Must lead by example. Acts as a mediator in disputes.Must lead in generosity.

Big man

Similar to a village head, except his authority is regional. May have influence over more than one village.

Pantribal sodalities

Groups that extend across a whole tribe, spanning several villages. Best examples come from the Central Plains of North America and from tropical Africa.

Chiefdoms

Society with a permanent political structure, hereditary leaders, and social ranking but lacking class divisions.

Office

Permanent position that must be refilled when it is vacated. Endure across the generations.

Superordinate

Upper, elite group in a stratified society; privileged access to valued resources.

Subordinate

Lower, underprivileged group in a stratified society; limited by the privileged group.

Fiscal

Pertaining to finances and taxation. Required to support governments and their functions. People also have to turn over a significant portion of what they produce to the state. Of the revenues collected, a state reallocates a part for the general good and keeps another part (often larger) for itself.

Social control

as defined by N. Kottak."Those fields of the social system (beliefs, practices, and institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and regulation of any conflict."

Hegemony

subordinates comply by internalizing rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination (Gramsci 19 71). Other methods used to curb resistance. Make subordinates believe they will eventually gain power. Separate or isolate people while supervising them closely.

Descent groups

Groups based on belief in shared ancestry.

Family of orientation

Family in which one is born and grows up.

Family of procreation

Formed when one marries and has children.

Neolocality

Married couples live away from their parents.

Expanded family household

One that includes a group of relatives other than, or in addition to, a married couple and their children.

Extended family household

Expanded household that includes three or more generations.

Sociologist Zhenchao Qian

Traditional American nuclear family is best represented among recent immigrants.

Differences between bands and nucelear families

Nuclear families are more stable than bands.

Typically, the band exists only seasonally, breaking up into nuclear families when necessary for subsistence.

Native American Shoshoni provide an example, with available resources so meager that they hunted and gathered in family units through most of the year, only assembling as a band for a few months.

Unilineal descent

Descent rule that uses one line only, either the male (patrilineal) or the female (matrilineal).

Matrilineal descent

Individuals automatically join the mother’s descent group when they are born.

Patrilineal descent:

Individuals automatically join the father’s descent group when they are born.

Lineage

Unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent.

Members name their forebears in each generation.

Clan

Unilineal descent group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it—stipulated descent.

Patrilocality

Married couple lives with the husband’s family; associated with patrilineal descent and more common than matrilocality.

Matrilocality

Married couple lives with the wife’s family; associated with matrilineal descent and less common than patrilocality.

Ambilineal descent

people choose the descent group to which they belong.

Membership is achieved.

Membership is fluid.

People can change their descent-group membership or belong to two or more groups at the same time.

Kinship calculation

Relationships based on kinship that people recognize in different societies and how they talk about those relationships.

Ego

Position from which one views an egocentric genealogy.

Kin terms

Specific words used for different relatives in a particular language and system of kinship calculation.

Reflect the social construction of kinship in a given culture

Genealogical kin types

relate to the actual genealogical relationship (father’s brother) as opposed to the kin term (uncle).

bilateral:

Traced equally on both sides, through males and females.

Matrilineal skewing

Preference for relatives on the mother’s side.

Bilateral kinship

Kin links through males and females are perceived as similar or equivalent.

Bifurcate merging kinship terminology:

Splits the mother’s side from the father’s side, but also merges the same-sex siblings of each parent.

Associated with unilineal descent and unilocal residence.

Four parental kin terms

M = M Z, F = F B, M B, and F Z each stand alone.

Bifurcate collateral kinship terminology

Separate terms are used for each of six kin types of the parental generation: M, F, M B, M Z, F B, and F Z.

Not as common as other types.

Many societies that use it are in North Africa and the Middle East.

It may also be used when a child has parents of different ethnic backgrounds and uses terms derived from different languages.

Genitor

A child’s biological father.

Pater

One’s socially recognized father; not necessarily the genitor.

Exogam

Practice of seeking a spouse outside one’s own group.

Incest

Sexual relations with a close relative.

Parallel cousins

Children of two brothers or two sisters.

Cross cousins

Children of a brother and a sister.

Endogamy

Marriage of people from the same group.

In the United States, classes and ethnic groups are quasi-endogamous groups.

Homogamy

means to marry someone similar.

Homogamous marriage can work to concentrate wealth in social classes and reinforce social stratification.

Dowry

Marital exchange in which the wife’s group provides substantial gifts to the husband’s family.

Lobola

Substantial marital gift from a husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.

Sororate

Husband may marry the wife’s sister if the wife dies.