Innovate and engage in crime (Not afforded opportunities)
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Ritualism
Given up on being wealthy (Hopes kids can achieve AM dream)
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Retreatism
Retreat within themself. Often does substances (Given up on AM dream)
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Rebellion
Defines success in a different way, rejects AM dream.
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Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory
Bonds to prevent criminal activity
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Hirschi"s 4 bonds
attachment, commitment, involvement, belief
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Attatchment
How much do you care about what people think?
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Commitment
How strong do you value society?
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Involvement
How involved in society are you?
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Belief
How much do you believe in societal norms
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Critical Views
Crime is rooted in the way society is organized
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Labeling Theory
a social theory that suggests that labeling people as criminals can lead to more crime
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Conflict Theory
Class system (The rich and the Poor) causes crime
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Feminist theory
What leads women to crime and the way they are victimized
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Laws change according to
societal norms, cultural shifts, and technology
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When were the first known laws?
Babylonian, Code of Harrambi
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Hebrew Law
1200 BC, 10 commandments
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Roman Law
~450 BC, The 12 Tablets
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Code of Justinian
6th Century AD, All the laws and put them in one book
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Trial by Ordeal
Guilty until proven innocent
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English Common Law
System of case law
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Case Law
Judicial interpretations of common law principles and doctrines, as well as interpretations of constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.
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Magna Carta
Nobody is above the law
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Cesare Beccaria
believed that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and public trials, and that capital punishment should be done away with completely
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Specific Deterrance
Punishment directly from their own behavior
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general deterrence
The threat of punishment should inhibit others from doing crime
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Jeremy Bentham
Stressed rationary and opposed brutal punishment
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Hedonistic Calculus
People will weigh the costs
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Utilitarianism
The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
If the act resulted from a mental disease or defect can't be guilty
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Substansial Capacity
Lack of ability to understand what they did was wrong
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battered woman syndrome
Developed in the 70s to excuse woman who killed their abusers
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Habeus Corpus
A legal principle that requires authorities to show reasons why a person should be held in custody and to provide a speedy trial
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Right to trial by jury
7th amendment
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4th amendment
Protection against Unreasonable Search and Seizure
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5th amendment
The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process
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6th Amendment
The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person
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8th amendment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
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Exclusionary Rule
Forbids use of evidence obtained in violation of defendants rights
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Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court's judicial activism.
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U.S. v. Leon (1984)
Established the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule
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Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Established Miranda warnings of counsel and silence. Must be given before questioning. Warren Court's judicial activism in criminal rights.
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Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Supreme Court decision endorsing police officers' authority to stop and frisk suspects on the streets when there is reasonable suspicion that they are armed and involved in criminal activity
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Tennesee v Garner (1985)
Deadly force may not be used against an unarmed and fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers or others.
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ex post facto law
a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed
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Borh
Earliest known system of policing in England. The borh was a unit that was responsible for policing and security which was generally a collective of 12 individuals who stood surety for one another's good behavior.
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Frankpledge
A system in old English law in which members of a tithing, a group of ten families, pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court.
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Hundred
In medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and trying minor offenses.
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Parish Constable
Policing agent who operated in smaller towns. Initially elected by the parishioners, the parish constable was generally unarmed, unpaid, and part-time.
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Shire Reeves
precursors to sheriffs
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Watchman
a man employed to look after an empty building, especially at night.
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theif takers
private citizens in England in the 17th century to whom the government paid a reward for the apprehension and conviction of criminal suspects
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metropolitian Police Act
Created in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, it was the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force.
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Colonial America and Policing
- Resembled English system, preference for minimal, local policing
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- Formalized positions, appointed by governors and held by large landowners to protect their own lands
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- Policing was strictly reactive, enforcement of law was selective and unequal
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- Citizens had no respect for police, citizens did not necessarily want the laws enforced
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Colonial Sheriffs Responsibility
catch religious non conformists (Witches)
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Vigilantes
people who take the law into their own hands
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Night Watch (1630)
See who is out and about
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Slave Patrols (1704)
Regulated Slave Behavior
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August Vollmer
Father of American Politicing
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International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
Advancing the science of Police work and fostering cooperation
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