A&P Lecture - Week 1 - Body Position and Transport Mechanisms

🔥🎯 [S12] What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy = structure; physiology = function.

🔥🎯 [S7/S12] According to Dr. Sigmon, which changes come first: anatomical or physiological changes?

Changes in anatomy occur first and lead to changes in physiology, not the other way around.

🔥🎯 [S3–5] Put the levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex.

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

[S4–5] What are the key definitions from cell through organism?

Cell = basic living unit; tissue = group of cells functioning together; organ = group of tissues; organ system = group of organs functioning together; organism = organ systems functioning together.

🔥 [S7] What three major organizational features of the human body are emphasized in Lecture 1?

Cavities, membranes, and organ systems.

[S8] What is the appendicular portion of the body?

The upper and lower limbs.

[S8] What is the axial portion of the body?

The head, neck, and trunk.

🔥 [S8] What are viscera?

The organs contained within body cavities.

🔥🎯 [S8–9] What subdivisions make up the dorsal body cavity?

Cranial cavity and vertebral canal.

🔥 [S8–9] What major structures are found in the dorsal cavity?

Brain in the cranial cavity and spinal cord in the vertebral canal.

🔥🎯 [S8–9] What subdivisions make up the ventral body cavity?

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

🔥 [S9] What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

The diaphragm.

🔥 [S9] What is the mediastinum?

The central region of the thorax that divides it into right and left portions.

🔥 [S9] What are the two subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

⭐🔥 [S8–9] In which body cavity is the urinary bladder located?

Pelvic cavity.

[S9] What smaller cavities are found within the head?

Oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities.

🔥🎯 [S10–11] What is the general difference between a visceral and a parietal serous membrane?

Visceral membrane contacts/covers the organ; parietal membrane lines the cavity wall.

🔥 [S10] What is the relationship between parietal and visceral pleura?

Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity; visceral pleura covers the lungs.

🔥 [S10–11] What is the relationship between parietal and visceral pericardium?

Visceral pericardium covers the heart; parietal pericardium forms the outer sac surrounding it.

⭐🔥🎯 [S10] Which membrane covers an organ such as the intestine in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Visceral peritoneum.

🔥 [S10] What is the relationship between parietal and visceral peritoneum?

Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity wall; visceral peritoneum covers the organs.

🔥 [S10–11] What do serous membranes produce, and what is its purpose?

They produce a small amount of serous fluid that lubricates surfaces and reduces friction.

🖼️🔥 [S11] In the fist-in-a-balloon analogy, what represents the layer touching the heart and what represents the outer layer?

Layer touching the heart = visceral pericardium; outer layer = parietal pericardium; space between them = pericardial cavity.

🎯 [S13–14] What is the overall function of the integumentary system?

Covers/encloses the body, contains many sensory receptors, and helps regulate body temperature.

🎯 [S14] What are the main functions of the skeletal and muscular systems?

Skeletal: supports the body and enables movement with muscles. Muscular: produces movement with the skeleton and helps maintain body temperature.

🎯 [S14] What are the main functions of the nervous and endocrine systems?

Nervous: detects/processes sensory information and activates responses. Endocrine: secretes hormones that regulate body processes.

🎯 [S14] What are the main functions of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?

Cardiovascular: delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and helps equalize body temperature. Lymphatic: returns fluid to the blood and defends against pathogens.

🎯 [S14] What are the main functions of the respiratory and digestive systems?

Respiratory: delivers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide. Digestive: processes food and removes waste from undigested food.

🎯 [S14] What are the main functions of the urinary system?

Controls water balance and removes wastes from the blood for excretion.

🎯 [S14] What are the main functions of the male and female reproductive systems?

Both produce sex hormones and gametes; male delivers gametes to the female, while female supports the embryo/fetus and produces milk for the infant.

🖼️🔥 [S15] What is the anatomical position?

Standing upright with the body facing forward, feet forward, and palms facing outward/anteriorly.

Identify the indicated cavity and name a major organ found there

Identify A, B, and C. Which layer directly contacts the heart? Why serous fluid is present?

To reduce friction

Label the image

Label the image

🔥🎯 [S16] Why is anatomical position important?

It gives a universal reference point so everyone describes body parts in the same way.

🔥🎯 [S16] What are the main pairs of terms of relative position?

Superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial (peripheral)/deep, and ipsilateral/contralateral.

🔥 [S16–17] What does superior mean?

Toward the head; above.

🔥 [S16–17] What does inferior mean?

Away from the head; below.

🔥 [S16–17] What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Toward the front of the body.

🔥 [S16–17] What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

Toward the back of the body.

🔥 [S16–17] What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

🔥 [S16–17] What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body.

⭐🔥 [S16–17] What does proximal mean?

Closer to the trunk or point of origin.

⭐🔥 [S16–17] What does distal mean?

Farther from the trunk or point of origin.

🔥 [S16] What does superficial (peripheral) mean?

Toward or at the body surface.

🔥 [S16] What does deep mean?

Away from the body surface; more internal.

🔥 [S16] What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body.

🔥 [S16] What does contralateral mean?

On opposite sides of the body.

🎯 [S17] What do cranial and caudal mean?

Cranial = toward the head; caudal = toward the tail/butt/inferior end.

🔥🖼️ [S18] What does palmar mean?

The palm side of the hand.

🔥🖼️ [S18] What does dorsal mean when referring to the hand?

The back side of the hand.

⭐🔥🖼️ [S18] What does supine mean?

Lying on the back, face upward.

🔥🖼️ [S18] What does prone mean?

Lying on the stomach, face downward.

🔥🖼️ [S18] What does right lateral recumbent mean?

Lying on the right side.

🔥🖼️ [S18] What does left lateral recumbent mean?

Lying on the left side.

⭐🔥 [S19] The thoracic cavity is ______ to the abdominal cavity.

Superior.

🔥 [S19] The neck is ______ to the head.

Inferior.

🔥 [S19] The eyes are ______ to the brain.

Anterior.

🔥 [S19] The nose is ______ to the eyes.

Medial.

⭐🔥 [S19] The elbow is ______ to the wrist.

Proximal.

🔥 [S19] The ears are ______ to the eyes.

Lateral.

🔥 [S19] The fingers are ______ to the wrist.

Distal.

⭐🔥🎯 [S20–21] What is a sagittal section?

A section that divides the body into right and left portions.

🎯 [S20 + lecture] What is a parasagittal section?

A sagittal cut that is off-center, not exactly down the midline.

⭐🔥🎯 [S20–21] What is a transverse section?

A section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions; a cross section.

🔥🎯 [S20–21] What is a coronal (frontal) section?

A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

🔥🎯 [S22] How can the abdominal area be divided?

Into 9 abdominopelvic regions and 4 quadrants.

🔥🖼️ [S22] What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac (inguinal), hypogastric, left iliac (inguinal).

🔥🖼️ [S22] What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ).

⭐🔥🎯 [S23] What organs are commonly found in the right hypochondriac region?

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, and part of the small intestine.

🔥 [S23] What organs are commonly found in the left hypochondriac region?

Spleen, left kidney, pancreas, and part of the colon.

🔥 [S23] What organs are commonly found in the epigastric region?

Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and adrenal glands.

🔥 [S23] What organs are commonly found in the right lumbar region?

Right colon, liver, and gallbladder.

🔥 [S23] What organs are commonly found in the left lumbar region?

Left kidney and descending colon.

🔥 [S24] What organs are commonly found in the umbilical region?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and the umbilicus.

🔥 [S24] What organs are commonly found in the right iliac fossa (right inguinal region)?

Cecum and appendix.

🔥 [S24] What organs are commonly found in the left iliac fossa (left inguinal region)?

Sigmoid colon and descending colon.

🔥🎯 [S24] What organs are commonly found in the hypogastrium?

Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, and female reproductive organs.

🔥🎯 [S25] What are the main functions of cell membranes in this lecture?

They separate intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF), allow exchange between them, and are selectively permeable.

🔥 [S25] What does selectively permeable mean?

The membrane allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

🔥🎯 [S26] Which types of molecules cross the membrane easily?

Nonpolar molecules.

🔥 [S26] Give examples of nonpolar molecules that cross the membrane easily.

O2, CO2, and fatty acids.

⭐🔥🎯 [S26] Which substances do NOT normally cross the lipid bilayer easily on their own?

Ions and polar molecules.

🔥 [S26] Give examples of ions/polar molecules that usually need help crossing the membrane.

Glucose, proteins, and Na+.

🎯 [S27] Under normal conditions, which ion is higher inside the cell: Na+ or K+?

K+ is much higher inside the cell.

🎯 [S27] Under normal conditions, which ion is higher outside the cell: Na+ or K+?

Na+ is much higher outside the cell.

🎯 [S27] Under normal conditions, are protein and phosphate generally higher inside or outside the cell?

Inside the cell.

🎯 [S27] Under normal conditions, are Ca2+ and Cl− generally higher inside or outside the cell?

Outside the cell.

🎯 [S27 + lecture] What important comparison did Dr. Sigmon emphasize about ICF vs ECF?

Individual ion concentrations differ between ICF and ECF, but total solute concentration is normally equal overall.

⭐🔥🎯 [S28] What is passive transport?

Spontaneous downhill movement of substances.

🔥 [S28] What is active transport?

Non-spontaneous uphill movement of substances.

🔥🎯 [S29] What two forces determine the direction of transport?

Chemical forces and electrical forces.

🔥🎯 [S29] What is the electrochemical force (electrochemical gradient)?

The combined effect of the chemical and electrical forces on ion movement.

🔥 [S29] In passive movement, substances move in what direction relative to the force?

Down the force.

🔥 [S29] In active movement, substances move in what direction relative to the force?

Against the force.

🔥🎯 [S30] What is a concentration gradient (ΔC)?

The difference in particle concentration between the inside and outside of the cell.

🔥 [S30] How does the chemical driving force move particles?

From higher concentration to lower concentration.

🔥 [S30] What is the direction of chemical driving force?

Down the chemical gradient.

🎯 [S30 + lecture] When does movement due to a chemical gradient stop?

When equilibrium is reached.