AP biology review 8-11

What are the different forms of energy

kinetic energy potential energy and chemical energy

biological exapmle of kinetic energy

an animal running towards his next meal,

kinetic energy

the energy an object has because of its motion.

potential energy

the amount of energy something posseses due to location

chemical energy

energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules

biological example of potential energy

energy stored in chemical bonds, food molecules, and glycogen.

biological example of chemical energy

biomass, batteries, natural gas, petroleum, and coa

1st law of thermodynamics

energy can be transformed or transfered byt it cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increses entropy

how does photosynthesis relate to the laws of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. This can be demonstrated within a classic food web where light energy from the sun is harnessed as radiant energy by plants, converted into chemical energy, and stored as complex carbohydrates.

how does cellular respiration relate to the laws of thermodynamics

during cellular respiration, some energy is lost as heat, which increases the entropy of the universe. Therefore, cellular respiration follows the laws of thermodynamics.

How do cells offset or temporarily postpone the effects of the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Use anabolic reactions to use more energy that is being created by catabolic processes in order to move away from the tendecy of disorder

what is metabolism

the process used to store or release energy for use in the cell.

what is a reactant in a chemical reaction

the starting materials in a reaction that undergo a chemical change to form a product.

what is a product in a chemical reaction

a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.

What is Gibbs free energy

the available energy of a substance that can be used in a chemical transformation or reaction.

What does it mean when Gibbs free energy is negative

the reaction will occur spontaneously.

What does it mean when Gibbs free energy is positive

the reaction is nonspontaneous

What is an exergonic reaction

When energy is lost to an enviorment

what is an endogenic reaction

Whe energy is gained during a reaction

How are endogenic and exogonic reaction related

A coupled reactions is a reaction that uses energy from an exergonic reaction to fuel an endergonic reaction.

What does ATP stand for

Adenosine triphosphate

What is the structure of ATP

an adenine nucleoside 'base', a five-carbon sugar (ribose), and triphosphate

What are the subunits from which ATP is made

a nitrogen base (adenine) and a sugar molecule (ribose),

Is this and endo or exogonic profile diagram

endogonic

Is this and endo or exogonic profile diagram

exogonic

What is a coupled reaction

Two (or more) reactions may be combined such that a spontaneous reaction may be made 'drive' an nonspontaneous one

What is a biological example of a coupled reaction

a transmembrane ion pump

What is a metabolic pathway

transforms matter and energy. Its direction is driven by reactions that are displaced far from equilibrium.

What is an enzyme

a biological catalyst that is usually a protein but could be RNA. The point is to increase the speed with which a reaction happens.

what is a substrate

the substance on which an enzyme acts.

What is a functuion of an enzyme

to increase the speed of a reaction

What happens to an enzyme during a chemical reaction

increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction.

What factors can affect enzyme catalyzed reactions

temperature, pH, and concentration.

what is phosphorlation

the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.

why would it be important to control enzyme catalyzed reactions

it allows each reaction to be controlled by the cell. an the speed at which each reaction is hapining

How do cells go about controlling the enzyme catalyzed reactions

through enzymes

What is catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

What is anabolism

1. the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.