Studied by 9 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Erik Erikson
German born psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist
Believed that humans' personalities continued to develop past the age of five
Psychosocial Theory
During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.
These crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e., psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e., social).
Humanistic Perspective
A perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization.
Humanism
The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are innately good.
It focuses on helping people live well, achieve personal growth, and make the world a better place.
Carl Ransom Rogers
American Psychologist
He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of Psychotherapy Research
Person Centered Approach to Psychotherapy
Positive Regard
Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and love.
It has to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction.
Conditional Positive Regard
is a concept in psychology that refers to the expression of acceptance and approval by others (often parents or caregivers) only when an individual behaves in a certain acceptable or approved way.
Unconditional Positive Regard
is where parents, significant others (and the humanist therapist) accept and loves the person for what he or she is, and refrain from any judgment or criticism.
Conditions of Worth
They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval.
Self-Actualization
The process of actualization is neither automatic nor effortless; it involves struggle and even pain. The young child may struggle with the first step, but it is a natural struggle.
Real self
How we see ourselves
At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person and beautiful or ugly
Ideal self
This is the person who we would like to be
It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
American Psychologist
Developed the “Skinner Box” or the Operant Conditioning Chamber
Father of Operant Conditioning
Behaviorist Perspective
is a theory of psychology that states that human behaviors are learned, not innate.
asserts that personality traits are the result of a person's environment and the cultural forces that shape it.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.
Operant Conditioning
is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements/rewards and punishments for behavior.
an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938).
Reinforcement
Punishment
CATEGORIES OF REINFORCEMENT
Positive Reinforcement
strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding
NEGAtive Reinforcement
strengthens behavior because it stops or remove an unpleasant experience.
Positive Punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
NEGAtive Punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
Fixed Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio
Variable Interval
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Fixed Ratio
a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.
Fixed Interval
where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
Variable Ratio
response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.
Variable Interval
response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.
