Section 2 (9/26–9/29: Human Genome Project, Social Determinants of Health & Disease Patterns)

The Human Genome Project formally began in ___

1990

The Human Genome Project was coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the ___

NIH

The project was planned to last 15 years but finished in ___

2003

The Human Genome Project aimed to identify all ___ in human DNA

genes

The project also sought to determine the sequence of ___ billion chemical base pairs

3

One goal of the Human Genome Project was to store genetic data in ___

databases

Another goal was to improve tools for genetic data ___

analysis

The project also aimed to address ___

ethical legal and social issues

Etiology is the study of the ___ of disease patterns

causes

Social etiology emphasizes the role of social ___ in determining health

structure

Primary determinants of health are located in the ___ structure of society

social

Social determinants of health include both proximate and ___ causes

fundamental

Proximate risk factors are health-related ___ behaviors

individual

Examples of proximate risk factors include diet

exercise

Fundamental causes are underlying social conditions such as socioeconomic ___

status

Other fundamental causes include social inequality and exposure to ___ events

stressful

Six causal pathways link social position and health

position

Reverse causality means health can influence ___ position

social

Differential susceptibility suggests that people in different social positions react ___ to risk factors

differently

Individual lifestyle refers to personal habits that affect ___

health

Physical environment includes biological

social

Social environment includes one’s community and social ___

networks

Differential access to ___ care affects health outcomes

health

Developing countries face a double disease burden of infectious and ___ diseases

degenerative

Poverty and ___ are major sources of disease in developing nations

malnutrition

Common infectious diseases in developing countries include HIV

TB

High infant mortality in poor nations is linked to low ___ status

women’s

Maternal mortality is high in developing nations due to unsafe ___

abortions

Respiratory diseases in developing nations are tied to environmental ___

degradation

Tobacco use and pollution contribute to poor ___ health

respiratory

Wars have long-term effects on both physical and ___ health

mental

In modern developed nations

the leading causes of death include heart disease

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men and ___ in the U.S.

women

One person dies every ___ seconds in the U.S. from cardiovascular disease

33

Heart disease costs the U.S. about ___ billion dollars annually

239.9

Cancer is the second leading cause of ___ in the U.S.

death

Cancer involves abnormal cells spreading through the ___

body

Benign tumors do not spread

but ___ ones do

When cancer spreads

it is called ___

Male cancer risk is about 1 in ___

2

Female cancer risk is about 1 in ___

3

The most common male cancers are prostate

lung

The most common female cancers are breast

lung

About 90% of cancers are environmentally ___

induced

Common cancer risk factors include smoking

poor diet

Cancer rates have ___ since 1990 in the U.S.

declined

Cancer survival rates have improved due to early detection and better ___

treatment

In 2022

COVID-19 was the ___ leading cause of death in the U.S.

COVID-19 caused about ___ deaths in the U.S. in 2022

245000

COVID-19 death rates were highest among American Indian and ___ populations

Black

Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic degenerative illness of the ___ system

nervous

About ___ million Americans aged 65+ had Alzheimer’s in 2023

6.7

Nearly 73% of Americans with Alzheimer’s are over age ___

75

Women make up about ___ of Alzheimer’s cases

two-thirds

Older Black Americans are ___ as likely as Whites to have Alzheimer’s

twice

Mental illness includes conditions such as anxiety

mood

The DSM-V-TR is the main manual for diagnosing mental ___

disorders

Homosexuality was removed from the DSM in the ___s

1970

About ___% of the U.S. population experiences a mental disorder each year

25

The five most common mental illnesses include anxiety

mood

Mental illness rates are highest among people with ___ SES

low

Mood and anxiety disorders are more common among ___

women

Schizophrenia and personality disorders are more common among ___

men

Mental illness is more prevalent in ___ areas

urban

Married people tend to have ___ mental health than unmarried people

better

Mental illness stigma makes people less likely to seek ___

treatment

The NIH

or National Institutes of Health

The NIH consists of ___ Institutes and Centers

27