10 Science sem 1 Exam revision

For the semester 1 science exam for year 10 science in Australia

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Proton

Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

Neutron

Particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Nuclide Symbol

Symbol that indicates the atomic number, mass number, and identity of a nucleus

Electron Shell

A grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom

Subatomic Particle

Particles found within the atom, mainly protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Periodic Table

A table that shows the elements, their atomic number, symbol, and average atomic mass; elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together.

Group

Vertical column in the periodic table

Period

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Metals

Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.

Non-metals

Elements that are usually dull in appearance, poor conductors of heat and electricity, usually gases at room temperature

Metalloids

Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Alkali Metals

Elements found in group 1 of the Periodic Table

Alkaline Earth Metals

Elements found in group 2 of the Periodic Table

Transition Metals

Elements found in groups 3 - 12 of the Periodic Table

Halogens

Elements found in group 17 of the Periodic Table

Lanthanoids

the top period of the 2 below

Conductor

A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it.

Ductile

A term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire.

Tensile Strength

A measure of how much stress from pulling, or tension, a material can withstand before breaking.

Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

Reactivity

The property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances

Stable

Not easily changed

Electron Configuration

the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals/shells of an atom

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion (loses electrons)

Anion

A negatively charged ion (gains electrons)

Ionic bonding

Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions

Ionic compound

composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal

Covalent bonding

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Reactivity

The ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds.

Alkali metals

group 1

Alkaline earth metals

group 2

transition metals

the short section in the middle, excluding the lanthanides and actinides

Post transition metals

Sn, Pb to A, and group 13, excluding B and Nh

Metalloids

A set of stairs going from Te upwards to the left to B

Reactive non-metals

Above metalloids, in groups 14-16

Noble gases

Group 18

Actinides

the bottom most group

halogens

group 17

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid. A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Chromosome

A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins, found within the nucleus of a cell

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

sugar-phosphate backbone

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA nitrogenous bases are attached

Nitrogenous base

An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA

Thymine

A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.

Adenine

A nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine

Guanine

A nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine.

Cytosine

A nitrogenous base that pairs with Guanine

Amino Acid

Building blocks of protein

Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

Protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids. Genes code for proteins.

Base pairs

Any of the pairs formed between complimentary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA, such as A-T and C-G

Mitosis

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into two nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms. They contain only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).

Sister chromatids

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Homologous chromosome

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

Somatic Cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

Gamete

sex cell

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

Haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

DNA replication

Process of copying DNA before cell division.

Zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; an egg and sperm cells joining.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome.

Mutagen

chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation

Induced mutation

a mutation caused by external agents such as mutagenic chemicals or radiation

Spontaneous mutation

a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur randomly

Germline mutation

DNA alteration occurring in gametes that can be transmitted to offspring

Beneficial mutation

A mutation that enhances the survival or reproductive success of an organism

deleterious mutation

A mutation that causes a change in DNA that negatively affects an individual

Neutral mutation

a mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction

Point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Substitution mutation

Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product.

Insertion mutation

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

Deletion mutation

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

Frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide (changes the codons)

Silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an individual

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (humans have 22 pairs)

Non-disjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

Trisomy

3 copies of a chromosome

Monosomy

missing a chromosome

Chromosomal mutation

A change in the structure of a chromosome

Insertion Chromosomal Mutation

section of a chromosome gets inserted into another chromosome

Inversion Chromosomal Mutation

a mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome

Duplication Chromosomal Mutation

a mutation that produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome

Translocation Chromosomal Mutation

Part of a chromosome is swapped with a part of a different chromosome

Deletion Chromosomal Mutation

A segment of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.

Inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.

Dominant

An allele that is always expressed

Recessive

An allele that is masked/hidden when a dominant allele is present

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.