PSYCH EXAM 4 - 10/31

What is learning?

Permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from an experience

What do higher-order and shaping share in common? What do they suggest about learning?

Higher order is conditioned stimulus 

shaping demonstrates how new and old complexes arise 

What happens during acquisition and extinction?

Extinction - strengthening and weakening of learned associations 

Acquisition - connect neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 

How is extinction relevant to everyday memory failures?

It is new learning but never fully forget it - replacing information 

How are spontaneous recovery and relearning similar? What do they suggest about memory?

Forgotten memories can be retrieved and reactivated rather than forgotten 

How are assimilation and accommodation related to stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

Assimilation is related to stimulus generalization 

Accommodation is related to stimulus discrimination 

What is associative learning? What are examples of associative learning?

Associating learning is an attraction model 

Like car and music in an add

How are the four components of classical conditioning related? How do they differ from one another?

1. Unconditioned stimulus - response without any prior learning

2. Unconditioned response - unlearned reaction

3. Conditioned response - behavior caused by conditioned stimulus 

4. Conditioned stimulus - response after being repeated from unconditioned response

How do advertisers use classical conditioning?

By pairing their product with a positive stimulus 

How is classical conditioning relevant to the "Stingray City" story?

String rays learned to associate the sound of a boat with food 

How is classical conditioning different from operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning - pairs two stimulus 

Operant conditioning - associates behavior with the consequences

What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement in terms of changing behavior?

Reinforcement aims to increase a behavior 

punishment is to decrease a behavior

What does the "negative" in either negative punishment or negative reinforcement imply about the stimulus?

The stimulus is taken away or removed from the environment 

What does the "positive" in either negative punishment or negative reinforcement imply about the stimulus?

It adds a reward or desired thing 

Positive punishment - getting a speeding ticket while speeding

Positive reinforcement - getting a good grade after studying and continue to study

What are examples of each of the four consequences related to operant conditioning?

Positive reinforcement - adding a desire to increase behavior 

Negative reinforcement - removing something to improve behavior 

Positive punishment - adding an undesirable thing to decrease behavior 

Negative punishment - removing something desirable to decrease behavior 

How is shaping used to change behavior?

Uses positive reinforcement to improve or teach new behavior

How are primary and secondary reinforcers related to classical conditioning?

Begin as neutral and are reinforced 

How are variable schedules different from fixed schedules of reinforcement?

consistent number of responses (fixed-ratio) or after a specific, consistent amount of time has passed (fixed-interval).

What are the limitations of punishment? 

Punishment leads to aggressive behavior 

When we learn by watching and then intimidating 

Observational learning 

How is observational learning relevant to punishment?

Punishment leads to aggressive behavior

What do mirror neurons do? What does that suggest about learning?

Its imitate - observing learning  

What are the different types of models used in observational learning?

Live model - watching others demonstrate the behavior 

Verbal model - somebody explaining how to do the behavior 

Symbolic model - someone demonstrates through social media / video games 

What are the steps of observational learning?

1. Attention 

2. Retention 

3. Reproduction 

4. Motivation

How do vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment affect people's behaviors?

Various reinforcement - encourages the observer to repeat the behavior 

Various Punishment - discourages the observer from repeating the behavior 

What are the consequences of observational learning?

Increases or decreases in known existing behavior 

What are the three primary processes of memory? What happens during each?

1. Encode - organize, attention and processes information 

2. Consolidate / store - sleep, stabilize (hippocampus) and makes personal memories (amygdala) 

3. Retrieve - rehearsal (continue to practice) and going into long term memory to retrieve it

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memories?

Explicit - uses conscious recall 

Implicit - doesn't use past events/ Involuntary 

What are the types of implicit memories? What are examples of each?

Procedural - autopilot 

Priming - recent memories that make certain things easier to remember

Cr (conditioned response) - automatically retrieve it 

What are the types of explicit memories? What are examples of each?

• Episodic ; memories that are personal events (episode of life) 

• Semantic ; do you remember / recall 

What are the three types of retrieval? What are examples of each?

Recall, recognition and relearning

What happens during rehearsal?

Conscious retrieval of repetition of information 

What is elaborative rehearsal and how does it help memory?

A memory technique that involves relating new information to existing knowledge to move into long term memory

How is cramming different from distributed rehearsal?

Cramming causes links between concepts to become active that you get struck in a link which prevents you from accessing the information you learned 

Why is distributed rehearsal valuable in improving long-term memory?

Memory takes time and studying across time allows memory to consolidate 

What does the self-reference effect suggest about effective studying?

Involves relating information to your own personal experiences to become easier to recall 

How is sleep relevant to memory?

The brain organizes and consolidates information to be stored into long term memory during sleep

Why is exercise valuable to improve memory?

Increases heart race improves memory 

What does the Ebbinghaus curve suggest about memory?

Memory declines over time but without reinforcement it declines

Why is it important to understand that memory retrieval is a reconstructive process when using self-report responses in psychological research?

Self report data can be inaccurate because of influence on information 

How are memory errors relevant to the criminal justice system?

You don't remember the color of the car but remember what they're doing?

What are the different types of forgetting errors? What are examples of each?

• Absentmindedness - impact encoding 

• Transience (decay) - fades away and rots - never fully gone (spontaneous recovery) 

• Blocking - store a memory but can not get to it ; solution - take a deep breath

What are the different types of distortion errors? What are examples of each?

• Suggestible and misinformation - outside shapes information 

• Misattribution (source amnesia) 

• Bias (self serving, hindsight and stereotype)

• False memories (convinced something happened that never did)

What is the memory error of persistence? When might it happen?

Involuntary and unwanted memories - can forget certain memories 

What are the two types of memory interference? What are examples of each?

Interference - tip of the tongue , its there but not there 

one memory preventing you from reaching another memory 

• Retroactive (new > old) 

• Proactive (old > new)

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

Retrograde - don't remember something before an accident occurred 

Antegrade - struggle to form new memories after accident