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Testimonial Evidence
A statement made under oath; also known as direct evidence or prima facie evidence.
Physical Evidence
Any relevant object or material in a crime; also known as indirect evidence.
Eyewitness Reliability Factors
Considerations such as the nature of the offense, characteristics of the witness, and manner of information retrieval.
Hearsay Rule
Testimonial evidence or documentation that quotes a person not in court is not admissible.
Drew’s Law
A law passed in Illinois allowing hearsay evidence if a victim was killed to prevent testimony.
Corroboration
The use of physical evidence to support or refute eyewitness testimony.
Ronald Cotton Case
A case illustrating issues with eyewitness identification where the wrong man was convicted.
Transfer Evidence
Evidence produced by contact between persons or objects.
Associative Evidence
Items that may associate a victim or suspect with a scene or each other.
Transient Evidence
Temporary evidence that is easily changed or lost, such as odors.
Pattern Evidence
Evidence produced by direct contact where patterns can be interpreted, such as blood spatter.
Conditional Evidence
Evidence produced by a specific event or action important in crime scene reconstruction.
Biological Evidence
Evidence including blood, semen, saliva, and tissues.
Chemical Evidence
Evidence such as soil, gunpowder, drugs, and paint.
Class Evidence
Evidence that is common to a group of objects or persons.
Circumstantial Evidence
Evidence that relies on an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact.
Individual Evidence
Evidence that can be identified with a particular person or source.
Forensic Investigations
Activities that include recognition, preservation, identification, comparison, individualization, interpretation, and crime reconstruction.
Chain of Custody
A written record of all people who have possession of an item of evidence.
Processing a Crime Scene
Steps including isolating the scene, documenting it, and collecting evidence.
Crime Scene Team
A group of professional investigators trained in various special disciplines.
Documentation
Includes notes, photographs, sketches, and videography of crime scenes.
Search Methods
Methods used to effectively search for evidence such as grid, zone, and strip methods.
Evidence Packaging
The proper collection, marking, sealing, and preservation of evidence.
Obtaining Controls
Collecting known samples to compare with evidence from a crime scene.
Submitting Evidence
The process of providing collected evidence to a laboratory for analysis.
Legal Considerations
Guidelines that dictate how evidence can be collected at a crime scene.
Mincey vs. Arizona
A court case involving the legality of evidence collection during a drug investigation.
Michigan vs. Tyler
A case related to arson investigation and evidence collection.
Perpetrator
A person who carries out a crime.
Victim
An individual harmed or injured as a result of a crime.
Reconstruction of the Crime
Using physical evidence to reconstruct the sequence of events in a crime.
Initial Response
The first steps taken by police upon arriving at a crime scene.
First Officer on Scene Duties
Assessing, detaining, arresting, protecting the scene, and taking notes.
Crime Scene Survey Purpose
To prepare a reconstruction theory and note conditions that could change.
Signature Evidence
Unique evidence that can identify a suspect's specific methods or style.
Identification Techniques
Methods used in the collection or analysis of suspect or victim evidence.
Odor Evidence
Transient evidence that includes smells which can indicate a decomposition or chemical spill.
Note 
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