A&P Lecture/Lab Ch.1

Anatomy

the scientific study of the body’s structures

Two types of anatomy

Gross/macro and microscopic

Regional anatomy

the study of interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region

Systemic anatomy

the study of structures that make up a discrete body system

Physiology

the study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways they collaborate to support the functions of life

6 levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Metabolism

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body

Anabolism

using energy to combine smaller, simpler molecules into larger more complex substances

Catabolism

releases energy to break down large, complex substances into smaller simpler molecules

Responsiveness

the ability of an organism to adapt to changes in its internal and external environment

Differentiation

cells specializing in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body

Requirements for human life

Oxygen, Nutrients, Narrow range of temp. and narrow range of atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

Negative Feedback

mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point

Positive Feedback

intensifies the condition rather than reversing it

Anatomical Position

standing erect with hands and feet pointed forward

axial

everything down midline of body (head, neck, trunk of body)

appendicular

along extremities (limbs)

Superior (Cranial)

above

Inferior (caudal)

below

Anterior (Ventral)

frontward

Posterior (Dorsal)

backward

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

away from midline

Intermediate

something between medial and lateral

Proximal

closer to trunk of body (for limbs)

Distal

further from trunk of body (for limbs)

Superficial

close to the surface

Deep

further from the surface

Cephalic

referring to the head

cranial

skull

occipital

back of head

frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye socket

Nasal

nose

Oral

mouth

Otic

ear

Otic

ear

Buccal

cheek

Mental

chin

Cervical

neck

acromial

shoulder (bony tip)

Antebrachial

forearm

Antecubital

inner elbow

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Carpal

wrist

Deltoid

shoulder muscle

Digital/Phalanges

finger(s)

Manus

hand

Olecranal

elbow

Palmar

palm of hand

Pollex

thumb

Scapular

shoulder blade

Thoracic

chest

sternal

sternum

mammary

chest

abdominal

abdomen

coxal

side hip arena

gluteal

butt

inguinal

groin

lumbar

lower back

perineal

area between anus and genetalia

pelvic

pelvis

pubic

genetalia

sacral

tailbone

umbilical

belly button

vertebral

spine

calcaneal

heel bone

crural

lower leg (between knee and ankle)

digital/phalanges

toes

femoral

thigh

hallux

big/great toe

patellar

knee

pedal

foot

fibular/peroneal

lateral compartment of the leg (backside)

plantar

sole of the foot

popliteal

backside of knee

sural

calf

tarsal

ankle

two major body cavities

dorsal(posterior) and ventral(anterior)

In the posterior(dorsal) cavity

brain, spinal cord

In the anterior(ventral) cavity (split by diaphragm)

thoracic and abdominal canities

In the thoracic cavity

heart, lungs, mediastinum, diaphragm

in the abdominal cavity

lower part of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys (retroperitoneal)

in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder + parts of the descending colon, large intestine. Females= fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, appendix

Visceral and parietal pericardium

contains the heart

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

lines abdominopelvic region

Visceral and parietal pleura

contains lungs

quadrants

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

abdominopelvic region

epigastric, hypogastic (pubic), R/L hypochondriac, R/L iliac (inguinal), R/L lumbar, Umbilical

Coronal/frontal plane

separates front and back

Saggital plane

separates left and right

midsagittal (median)

equal left and right split

Parasaggital

unequal left and right split

Transverse

separates top and bottom

Different types of medical imaging

x-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Positron Emisson Tomography (PET), Ultrasonography