Barron's AP Human Geography Vocabulary

footloose Industry

Manufacturing or other industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not import for determining the location of the firm

fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to henry ford.

foreign Direct Investment

overseas business investments made by private companies; typically involves purchase or construction of factories by transnational corporations in areas where labor is typically cheaper than on the homeland.

Formal Economy

The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy

Informal Economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

sense of place

term used to connote attachment to and comfort in a particular place. most typically strong where you have been born

Anti-natalist population policies

Encourages couples to limit the number of children they have.

arithmetic density

Numer of people in a given unit of area. does not take into account physiographic differences in that area

fast world

includes areas of the world, usually in the economic core. Have high-speed telecommunication and transportation technologies

slow world

includes developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunication and transportation technology

baby boomers

Consists of individuals born post world war II. Largest population cohort in the USA

baby bust

following the baby boom the baby bust was a period of time during the 1960s and 1970's when fertility rates in the united states dropped. Happened because of women wanting higher education

Cairo Plan

in 1994 the united nation, at the U.N international conference on population and development, endorsed a strategy to stabilize global population at 7.27 billion no later than 2015.

Carrying capacity

Essentially the number of people an area can sustain without critically training is resource base. Depends on both level of technology and determining an appropriate standard of living.

Chain Migration

Describes migrant flows from a common origin to the same destination. family or friends move first and get established within an area, paving the way for more friends and family to follow the same fate

channelized migration

The flows between a particular origin and destination are larger than would normally be the case, but are not the result of family or kinship ties as is the case with chain migration. more peoples move than models predict

cornucopians

These people believe that with increasing population come increasing opportunities for innovation. argued against stricter population controls in the 1980's

Crude Birth Rate

Number of live birth in a single year for every 1,000 people in a population

Crude Death rate

Number of death in a country per 1000 people

Demographic accounting equation

predicts population change within a particular area as a function of natural increase/decrease and in/out migration.

Demographic momentum

tendency of a population to continue to grow in spite of stringent population policies or rapid fertility decline because of the large number of individuals in their childbearing years.

Demographic transition model

phase 1. Preindustrial, Phase 2L transitional, Phase 3, transitional, phase 4, industrial

demographic transition model

describes population growth stabilization as a function of economic development

stage 1

pre industrialization , a country is characterized by high birth and death rates and little-to-no growth

stage 2

as the country industrializes, birth rates remain high, death rates drop and population growth is rapid

stage 3

birth rates begin to drop as a country becomes fully industrialized

stage 4

describe highly developed countries across the globe where population growth is stable or negative

dependency ratio

a measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population

global growth doubling time

doubling is the amount of time it will take a particular population to double in size. j cure represents the exponential growth

ecumene

the proportion of the earths surface thats inhabited by humans

global population distribution patterns

sixty percent of the worlds population lives within 60 miles of the ocean. population concentrates in areas with high soil arability/fertility which also tend to have mild climates. Population is becoming more urban

global refugee patterns

Post september 11th security issues have led many counties of the world, particularly western europe and north america, to tighten borders to individuals seeking asylum. In many african countries, borders are open to refugees such that contras in which refugees are fleeing from also host significant refugee populations.

guest workers

Individuals who migrate temporarily to take advantage of job opportunities in other countries send remittances back home to support friends and family

HIV/AIDS

a major and dramatic exception to recent population growth trends, particularly in the developing world, where the epidemic is having great effects on birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy. currently the third most common cause of death worldwide.

illegal immigration

can be characterized as involuntary but unforced migrants. risk their lives to migrate because of dire economic situations within their own country

infant mortality

number of death during the first year of life per thousand live births

internal migration history of the united states

3 major waves

wave 1: beginning with colonization, a movement of the population westward and movement from rural to urban areas as places become increasingly industrialized

Wave 2: from the early 1940's through the 1970's a massive movement of african americans from the rural south to cities in the south north and west

wave 3: post-world war II to the present day movement to the sun belt states

internally displaced persons

People who have had to leave their home because of conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety

life expectancy

Average number of years a person can be expected to live

migration

defined as movement to a new activity space. movement from one place to another

Natural increase

Natural growth, birth outnumber deaths

natural decrease

natural decline within a population. Deaths outnumber births

natural increase variations

Economic development has profound implications on health care, available employment opportunities, and nutrition among other factors contributing to growth. Better education have lower rates of natural increase. when women are more empowered fertility rates drop. Cultural rates effect natural increase. public policies can encourage or discourage couples to reproduce

neo-malthusians

believe population growth to be a problem and provide the foundation for many antinatalist population policies. they advocate ZPG

overpopulation

An opinion that an area does not have adequate resources to support the existing population. If it is ______ it has exceeded its carrying capacity

Underpopulation

described scenarios in which areas or regions do not have enough people to fully exploit the local resource base

place utility

in the migration decision this refers to the benefits a place offers to pull people to that destination. benefits include good school systems, good climate, job opportunities etc...

south-central missouri

Where is the population controlled of the united states

population data

incudes total population counts and rates such as CBR, CDR, and so on: from the UN statistical office, the world bank, The population reference bureau and from national census.

population density

total number of people divided by the total land area. this is just a crude number.

population geography

Geographers in this field investigate pattern from spatial perspective- why patterns exist, where they exist, and the implication of current population patterns. these patters often overlap with economic development patters. ex: high fertility, less economic development. this field does also focus on demographic rates similar to demography

population growth rate

this is determined by a countries natural increase (BIRTH _-DEATH) expressed as a percentage. this rate is high in developing countries

20th century

when did population start to grow really fast.

population pyramid

also called age-sex pyramid.

rapid growth

what does this pyramid show; Large base

Stability

What does this pyramid show; rectangular shape

decline

what does this pyramid show; base of pyramid smaller than other cohorts

disrupted growth

what does this pyramid show; significant gaps in the pyramid where cohorts are smaller or almost missing.

baby boom

by looking at the United states population pyramid we see that there was a ____ ______

pro-natalist population policies

typically exist in countries where population is declining and involve providing incentives for women to have children

ravensteins migration laws

describe voluntary migration patters: the laws that still apply today

1. every migration flow generates a counterflow

2. the majority of migrants move a short distance

3. migrants who move long distances tend to choose big city destinations

4. urban residents are less migration than inhabitants of rural area

5. families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

refugees

individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum. typically leave there country because pf war, famine, environmental catastrophes, or religious persecution.

forced migration

an individual migrates against his or her will.

reluctant migration

between voluntary and forced migration. they reluctantly choose to move because factors at the current location prohibit them from remaining there.

Rust belt

occurred in the 1960's and 1970's when large numbers of white middle class americans moved from northeastern to midwestern cities in the sunbelt. They left previous industrial powerhouses that were outsourced. This left abandoned factories that rusted.

sun belt migration

movement of the U.S population in the last several decades to the sun belt states have dramatically altered the balance of political and economic power as California, florida, and Texas, are now three of the four most populous states in the country. They carry a disproportionate number of electoral votes, have large congressional delegation, and are dominant in many economic sectors such as technology, energy production and agriculture.

sustainability

using resources in a manner that supplies existing populations while not compromising availability of resources for future generations.

total fertility rate

average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years. typically the ___ is higher than two

voluntary migration

when an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-and-pull factors

pull factors

characteristics at a destination that draw a migrant to that place

push factors

are characteristics at an individuals current location that make him or her want to leave

acculturation

refers to adoption of cultural traits by one from under influence of another. may occur as result of immigration, when immigrant populations take on values, customs, and other cultural traits of a receiving society.

architectural structure

the style of a particular culture or societies buildings, which varies dramatically over space and time.

artifacts

compose the technological subsystem of culture; consisting of material objects necessary for meeting basic needs such as tools

Mentifacts

comprise the ideological subsystem of culture; including ideas, beliefs, and knowledge, and how these things are communicated

Sociofacts

comprise the sociological subsystem of culture including the expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations within a people or group

buddhism

originated in the sixth century B.C in northern india. traces origins and many traditions from hinduism. centered in east asia, has gained increasingly large rolling in Europe and north america since the 1950s

built environment

refers to the spaces that have been modified by human activity. includes houses and other structures that human activity takes place in, but also includes reservoirs, parks, dams, and other facilities that reflect human-induced change in the landscape

charter group

the first ethnic group to establish cultural norms in an area .EX: british settlers in eastern united states

Bible belt

south eastern states where baptist denominations are predominant

lutheran

the upper midwest is predominantly

methodist

the midland states are predominantly

spanish catholicism

dominant in the southwester states of arizona, new mexico, texas, dominant pockets in florida

mormonism

dominant in utah and parts of its surrounding states

catholicism

dominant in the northeastern states

Mixed religions

the west including large parts of California

Christianity

the worlds most widespread religion. A monotheistic religion with its origins in judaism. three major categories include eastern orthodox, protestant and roman catholic

confucianism

belief system derived from the 5th century BCE by confucius a Chinese philosopher and teacher

counter language extinction

this is the term that refers to the process about how in parts of ireland, scotland, and wales native languages are being brought back from near extinction.

cultural assimilation

when integration of new arrivals into the economic and cultural mainstream of a host society is complete.

cultural imperialism

dominance of one culture over another. historically often occurred as a result of colonization. sometimes called cultural homogenization

thomas malthus

1789, carrying capacity is limited by good availability. food production grows arithmetically whereas population grows geometrically or exponentially, meaning eventually food supplies cannot support an ever-increasing population

cultural traits

specific customs that are part of everyday life, including language, religion, ethnicity, and social institutions

culture

derives from the latin cultus, meaning to care about. currently defined as all the ideas, practices, and material objects associated with a particular group of people.

dialects

geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from parent form.

diaspora

experiences of people who come from a common ethnic background but live in different regions or ethnic neighborhoods. often used to refer to jew or blacks of african decent who maintain aspects of their common heritage despite living outside their home community.

diffusion

press by which an idea or innovation is transmitted form one individual or group across space.

relocation diffusion

involves spacial spreading as a result of physical movement to a new place

expansion diffusion

typically involves the spreading of an innovation through communication

environmental determinism

claim that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. people from certain areas may be more attractive or smarter.