GCSE AQA Chemistry- organic chemistry

How is crude oil formed?

Over millions of years from the fossilised remains of plankton

Where is crude oil found?

In the porous rocks in the Earth's crust

Is crude oil renewable or non-renewable?

Non-renewable

What is crude oil made up of?

Hydrocarbons

What gives hydrocarbon molecules varying properties?

They vary in size

What happens to the properties of hydrocarbons as the molecules get larger?

It gets more viscous, its boiling point gets higher, the less volatile it is, the less easily it ignites

How are the components of crude oil separated?

Fractional distillation

Why does fractional distillation work?

Different sized molecules of hydrocarbons have different boiling points

What has been done to try and reduce the amount of sulfur released into the atmosphere?

It can be removed from fuels before combustion in motor vehicles or removed from waste gases in power stations

What piece of equipment does fractional distillation take place in?

Fractionating column

What is the effect of particulates?

They cause global dimming by reducing the amount of sun that can reach the earth's surface, they cause damage to people's lungs

What happens when carboxylic acids ionise in water?

They form weak acids and they do not ionise fully

What is an example of an amino acid?

Glycine

What is a hydroxyl molecule?

-OH

What is a nucleotide?

Half of one rung of DNA- A phospate, a sugar and a base

What happens to alcohols as they dissolve in water?

They form neutral solutions

What are thermosetting polymers?

Consist of polymer chains that are joined together by cross-links, do no melt when heated

What is DNA?

Stores the genetic material of living organisms

What test can be used to differentiate between alkanes and alkenes?

Shaken bromine water

What colour does an alkene go in the shaken bromine water test?

Colourless

How are nitrogen oxides produced from combustion?

When high temperatures from combustion are reaches, nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen

What are alcohols used for?

As fuels and solvents

What is the functional group found in alcohols?

Hydroxyl

What do polypeptides contain?

Lots of peptide links

What process do amino acids go through to form larger molecules?

Condensation polymerisation

What is cracking?

Long chain hydrocarbons being broken down into shorter chain hydrocarbons

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

Saturated

What is the formula of glycine?

NH2CH2COOH

What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

Carbon dioxide

What are monomers?

Small molecules with a double bond that can join together to make polymers

What is the name of an hydrocarbon with 2 carbon molecules?

Eth(ane/ene)

What is DNA made of?

4 nucleotides, a phosphate and a sugar

What is the general formula for an alkane?

CnH2n+2

What type of molecules are starch, cellulose and sugars?

Carbohydrates

How are esters formed?

When carboxylic acids and alcohols react

What catalyst is used in the addition reaction used to produce alkanes from alkenes?

Nickel

What happens during the combustion of hydrocarbons?

Carbon and hydrogen are oxidised, energy is released, waste products are released into the atmosphere

What are hydrocarbons that have double bonds described as?

Unsaturated

What happens in incomplete combustion?

Carbon monoxide/ soot and water is produced

dangers of carbon monoxide

binds to the same part of haemoglobin molecule that oxygen does so less space for oxygen leading to oxygen shortage
it permanently binds to haemoglobin

dangers of soot

carbon particulates can cause global dimming and respiratory problems

prefixes for naming organic molecules

meth, eth, prop, but

complete combustion

happens in plentiful supply of oxygen

incomplete combustion

happens in a limited supply of oxygen

combustion

the process of burning something

What is the name of an hydrocarbon with 5 carbon molecules?

Prop(ane/ene)

How can ethanoic acid be produced?

By oxidising ethanol with chemical oxidation agents or by the action of bacteria from the air

What do the properties of a polymer depend on?

What monomer was used, the conditions under which it was made

What are the products of cracking?

Both alkanes and alkenes

The repeating unit and the monomer unit always contain what?

The same atoms

What are esters used for?

They are used in food flavourings and perfumes

What are the 4 nucleotides in DNA?

Guanine (G). cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T)

How are esters named?

The prefix of the alcohol with -yl as a suffix and the prefix of the acid with-oate as the suffix. For example, ethanol and ethanoic acid would react to form ethyl ethanoate

What is the main difference between alkenes and alkanes?

Alkenes have a double carbon-carbon bond

What is the name of an hydrocarbon with 1 carbon molecule?

Meth(ane/ene)

What type of alcohol do alcoholic drinks contain?

Ethanol

What do carboxylic acids form when dissolved in water?

Acidic solutions

What are starch and cellulose?

Polymers of sugars

What is the general formula for an alkene?

C(n)H(2n)

What are the properties of esters?

They are volatile and have distinctive smells

What is the balanced symbol equation for complete combustion?

C + O2 = CO2

What is the balanced symbol equation for the combustion of hydrogen?

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O

What do amino acids form when they join by condensation polymerisation?

Polypeptides and water

What does the process of cracking include?

1) the hydrocarbons are heated until they vaporise 2) the vapour is passed over a hot catalyst 3) thermal decomposition then takes place

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

Because of the C=C bond

What is an example of a thermosetting polymer?

Melamine

What can be added to alkenes to produce alkanes?

Hydrogen

What is the name of an hydrocarbon with 3 carbon molecules?

Prop(ane/ene)

Why do alkenes burn with a smokier flame than alkanes?

They go through incomplete combustion

How are the simplest polymers formed in a condensation reaction?

When diols (molecules containing two hydroxyl groups) join with diacarboxylic acids

What are the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

What is the ideal temperature range for the fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol?

25 degrees to 50 degrees

What is formed when carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst?

They form esters

What is the atom economy of an addition polymerisation reaction?

100%

What is a peptide link?

The bond formed between the carboxyl groups and the amino acid groups when amino acids join together

What is a condensation polymerisation reaction?

Monomers join together to form large polymer molecules and lose small molecules such as water

What is the balanced symbol equation for the combustion of sulfur?

S + O2 = SO2

What happens to alcohols when they react with sodium?

They produce hydrogen

What problems do nitrogen oxides cause?

Cause respiratory problems, react with rainwater to form acid rain

What is the name of an hydrocarbon with 4 carbon molecules?

But(ane/ene)

What happens to alcohols as they burn in air?

They produce carbon dioxide and water

What is an example of a thermosoftening polymer?

Polyethene

What is functional group found in esters?

-COO

What is an alkane?

A saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2

What organism makes starch and cellulose?

Plants

Why are hydrocarbons split into shorter molecules?

There is a higher demand for short hydrocarbons as they easy to ignite and have low boiling points so are used in fuels

How can ethanol be produced?

By reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst- phosphoric acid

What are the stages of fractional distillation?

1) the crude oil is heated to about 450 C 2) and pumped into the bottom of a tall tower called a fractioning column where it vaporises 3) the column is very hot at the bottom but much cooler at the top 4) as the vaporised oil rises, it cools and condenses 5) heavy fractions (containing large molecules) have a high BP and so condense near the bottom of the column 6) lighter fractions (containing small molecules have a lower BP and so condense further up the column

How can aqueous solutions of ethanol can be produced?

The fermentation of sugar

What are carboxylic acids?

Organic compounds that contain the functional group carboxyl

What colour does an alkane go in the shaken bromine water test?

Stays orange

What is the balanced symbol equation for incomplete combustion?

2C + O2 = 2CO

What is carboxyl molecule?

-COOH

What are the properties of thermosoftening polymers?

Have individual chains of polymers that are all tangled together. Have weak intermolecular forces between chains so soften when heated

what is an alkene?

a hydrocarbon with a carbon-carbon double bond (unsaturated)

Catalytic cracking

a process in which catalysts are used to crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at relatively low temperature

what type of reaction is catalytic cracking?

thermal decomposition

what is a functional group of any organic compound?

the part that can undergo reactions and makes the compound "special" (i.e different from the alkane)

Addition reactions of alkenes

can involve H2, halogens (Br2, Cl2) , H20 (steam)

alkene reactions with h2

alkene + H2 > alkane