SBP Exam 1

Trees are ______ organisms.

complex

A tree is generall defined as a woody plant ____-____ft or more in height and characterized by a ____ ____ rather than several stems.

15-20, single trunk

Woods are divided into two broad categories: ________ and ______.

hardwoods, softwoods

_________ are in the subdivision angiospermae.

hardwoods

_____ are in the gymnospermae subdivision.

softwoods

_________ are characterized by the production of seeds within ovaries.

angiosperms

__________ produce seeds that lack a covering layer.

gymnosperms

Softwoods are characterized by their _____-like leaves.

needle

Hardwoods are characterized by their _____ leaves.

broad

(Considering hardwoods and softwoods) The ____ of cells, their ______ _____, and their _______ are different, the fundemental difference being that hardwoods contain a type of cell called a ____ _____.

type, relative number, arrangement, vessel element

Hardwoods are classified as ___-porous or ___-porous, depending upon the size and distribution of vessels in a cross-section.

ring, diffuse

Woods that form very large-diameter vessels part of a year and smaller ones thereafter are called ___-____.

ring-porous

Woods that form vessels of the same size throughout the year are classified as ____-_______.

diffuse-porous

Hardwoods are not necessarily ___. Softwoods are not necessarily ____.

hard, soft

Hardwood growing stock globally has been estimated to exist in volumes almost _____ that of softwoods.

double

North America, Russia, and Europe account for over ___% of the world’s softwood forests.

92

In the US, about ____ wood-producing and commercially important species reach tree size; only about ___ of those are softwoods.

100, 35

To a certain age, trees are ables to _____ themselves.

heal

(Autotrophs or Heterotrops)

• Do not possess the ability to manufacture their own food

• Get necessary organic nutrients from outside sources

heterotrophs

(Autotrophs or Heterotrops)

• produce food/energy directly from the sun

• absorb solar energy and converty it into glucose through a complex process called photosynthesis

• extremely important for the environment

autotrophs

The majority of a tree’s weight (58.2%) lies in the _____.

trunk

Angiosperms (hardwoods) are brroken into two orders: _____ and _______.

monocots, dicots

(In the US) ______ dominated the forests of the deep South, far North, and the mountains of the West.

softwoods

(In the US) ______ occur across every major region of the US. However, they are dominant in the East, across the plains (central region) and in the VALLEYS of the Western mountains.

hardwoods

Hardwoods are mostly _____.

dicots

Though _______ like palm trees and bamboo are technically classified under hardwoods, they aren’t usually recognized as such.

monocots

Across the world, wood producing species exceed ________.

10,000

______ transfers water and nutrients from the _____ upward.

xylem, roots

______ tranfers glucose from the ____ downwards.

phloem, leaves

Each year, a new _____ ______ is created that increases the diameter of the tree— which allows it to heal injuries on the previous layer.

vascular cambium

If the tree doesn’t have a _____ ______, so no xylem, it will reach maximum size and stop repairing itself.

vascular cambium

The vascular cambium is made up of _____.

xylem

Trees are _____, which means they grow in all directions.

anisotropic

_________ cells, like Lumen, are long, thin, and hollow with perforated openings down the long sides.

tracheids

_______ cells are long, thin, and hollow with perforated openings.

lumen

Softwoods are mostly composed of ____ cells.

lumen

______, which are composed of a number of individual (blank) cells, provide for horizontal movement of substances in standing trees.

rays

A _______ cut is formed by cutting lumber long ways.

transverse

A __________ cut is made by cutting longitudinally along the radius (front the center).

radial

A ______ cut is made by cutting perpendicularly along the radius or tangent to the growth ring.

tangental

The layer between the xylem and phloem is called the _______.

cambium

The _______ is a thin sheath that forms a continuous layer throughout the entirety of the tree.

cambium

_______ provide horizontal movement within the tree.

rays

The regions in which cells divide repeatedly to form new cells are called ________ regions.

meristematic

The _____ ____ zone at the apex of the main stem growth zone is of special signficance because it controls, to some extent, the development of branches and its shoots.

apical meristem

The _____, or inner bark, is composed of one layer of cells that have thick, wax-covered outer walls serving as protection from moisture loss.

epidermis

During stem development in a seedling, cells change size and shape to eventually form an unbroken ring around the stem center. The tree will eventually outgrow this layer.. but it is called the ___________.

procambium

The inner layer of the procambium will turn into ____ _______.

primary xylem

The outer layer of the procambium will turn into ________ ______.

primary phloem

The ______ _______ is the final step in stem development that the procambium develops into.

vascular cambium

The xylem and phloem that the vascular cambium creates is correctly called ______ xylem and _____ phloem.

secondary

Cell division parallel to the stem surface (tangentally) results in either xylem or phloem that experiences _________ division.

periclinal

Cell division that happens along the radial axis of the stem is called ________ division.

anticlinal

The first thing to develop in the stem is the _____.

pith

______ is cells that are produced early in the year (Spring).

earlywood

________ is cells that are produced late in the year (Summer).

latewood

Earlywood forms when there is a ______ of water.

deficit

Latewood forms when there is a ______ of water.

wealth

Manufactured wood has three distinct surfaces (similar to natural wood): _____, ______, and ________.

radial, tangental, longitudinal

When the grain is perpendicular to the cut, it is ______.

radial

When the grain is parallel to the cut, it is ________.

tangental

When the you can see the arch of the rings in the cut, it is _____/______.

longitudinal/transverse

This cut is ______ sawn.

plain

This cut is _____ sawn.

rift

This cut is ____ sawn.

quarter

In heartwood, cells are ____.

dead

In sapwood, cells are ____.

alive

Earlywood creates ____ rings, while latewood creates ____ rings.

lighter, darker

Earlywood has large pores make up of ____ ____.

big lumen

Latewood has tiny pores made up of _____ ____.

small lumen

The transition to latewood growth in the US is approximately ___ __.

July 6

________ growth is when an annual ring is not completed or false— likely due to wildfire damage, disease, or strange weather.

discontinuous

Heartwood begins to form in trees about ___-___ years old.

14-18

Many polyphenolic compounds in wood are easily removable, called _____.

extractives

Heartwood tends to be darker in color and often _____ resistant, though it is difficult to dry and chemically treat.

decay

____ are more visible in heartwood.

rays

Rays are _______ orientented planes of ______.

radially, weakness

Rays may be ___cellular or _____cellular.

homo, hetero

Rays may be ___, ____, or clustered together (_____).

narrow, wide, aggregate

Grain can have three main orientations: ____, _____, and ______.

straight, spiral, reverse spiral (interlocked)

______ grain orientation is typically preferred in lumber manufacturing.

straight

_____ are classified as a defect and are formed by branch growth.

knots

A ____ knot is a knot without any indicators of decay.

sound

An ____ knot has decay indicators around the outside and is still surrounded by healthy wood.

enclosed

An _____ knot has extreme decay indicators on the inner and outer rings.

unsound

The three major elements in wood are: ______, _______, and _______.

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

The three chemical components of wood are: _____, _______, and ______.

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

_______ is a polysaccharide made only of glucose.

cellulose

_______ is a polysaccharide made up of a few types of sugars.

hemicellulose

____ is not a polysaccharide and is primarily alcohols.

lignin

Hardwoods and softwoods have different concentrations of _____ and _____.

hemicellulose, lignin

_______ is a long, linear chain of glucose units with beta linkage.

cellulose

______ is a branch-style component made up of xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose.

hemicellulose

_____ is a 3D structure of p-coumeryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol.

lignin

_________ ties the cellulose and lignin together so there’s no weak fractures—- strengthens the chemical bonds between them.

hemicellulose

________requires extremely high heat and high pressure conditions to transform from crystalline to amorphous.

cellulose

________ requires medium heat to transform from crystalline to amorphous.

starch

________ is extremely complex and only very few organisms can decay it.

lignin

_______’s main function is to bind cells and add rigidity to their structures.

lignin

Lignin has two main types: ______ and _______-____.

guaiacyl, guaiacyl-syringil