Unit 7: 19th century perspectives and political developments

Identify and explain how Nationalism was a byproduct of the Industrial Revolution.

• The Crystal Palace in Britain and the rapid industrialization of Germanshows of power and economic strength that provided people with a sense of pride in their nation.

• The Zollverein - By creating a customs union and placing a tariff around the German States it united the German people economically, and was a step towards political unification.

What dangerous implications did the rise of Nationalism have on populations in Europe?

• Increase in anti-semitism - in part a reaction to the rising Zionist movement, but also the Jewish population was not accepted and seen as outsiders. This led to instances like the Dreyfus Affair in France and the pogroms in Eastern Europe.

• Nationalism was also a threat to countries that were made up of multiple nationalities, such as Austria, which was concerned with rising Hungarian nationalism. If Nationalism were to take root fully in Austria, it would break apart, and to avoid this they established the dual monarchy. • The Crimean War was also a result of rising nationlist sentiments in Russia. The war was between the Ottomans and Russia, but the Ottomans also gained the support of the French and the British who feared the rising nationalism in Russia and wanted to prevent Russia from becoming too powerful.

What led to the Rise of Nationalism in Italy and why did Cavour and Garibaldi succeed where Mazzini couldn’t?

• Italian Nationalism rose from Mazzini’s movement of Young Italy which led a failed revolution in 1830. • Cavour took the Mazzini’s failure as a lesson and proceeded to Industrialize the Italian states Piedmont and Sardinia, making it attractive to the other Italian states. In addition Mazzini enlisted the support of France to help fight Austria which held certain Italian states at the time. Despite France’s quick withdrawal the conflict provided the Italian people with a common enemy, the Austrians, and allowed them to see the benefits of uniting under Italian Nationhood. Thus, when asked, the northern states of Italy willingly joined Cavour and King Victor Emanuel of Piedmont. • Garibaldi, who had previously been living in exile in Latin America, took advantage of a rebellion in the two Sicilies, and was able to unite the southern Italian states. • Garibaldi ceded the southern states to Victor Emanuel, uniting all of Italy. • Mazzini didn’t have the knowledge, personality or leadership that Cavour and Mazzini had, but he was important in laying the groundwork for the full unification of Italy.

How did German Unification reflect Prussian history?

Prussia was a state that was developed around the creation of a military. The Prussian states created a united military, electing one of the Prussian nobles to lead that military. Prussian history of one devoted to the creation and establishment of a strong military, and thus it is not surprising that Prussia led the unification of Germany through military actions. Bismarck used the strategy of creating common enemies to unify the people. The Dutch War united all the German States against the Dutch, but also set up Austria to become the next common enemy, this time of the northern German States, uniting them in the AustroPrussian War. Then in order to gain the southern German states, France was set up as the common enemy in the Franco-Prussian War, thus allowing Prussia to unify all of the German States

through wars.

What was Bismark’s policy of realpolitik and how did it influence the decisions made in Germany in the 19th century and lay the groundwork for its role in the 20th century?

• Realpolitik means that all state decisions were based on what would benefit the state regardless of who it affects or whether or not it is moral or right. • Bismarck used this policy to pick wars with other states to set up situations that would benefit his ultimate goal of unifying all of the German states under Prussia without Austria. • Prussian-Danish War - Created a dispute with Russia in order to set up Austria to be the “bad guy” so that he could pick a war with Austria. • Austro-Prussian War - Accused Austria of not abiding by the Treaty of Ghent that ended the Prussian-Danish War - thus making Austria the enemy that would unite the northern German states against Austria. • Franco-Prussian War - By editing the Ems Telegram, Bismark purposely instigated a war with France in order to make France an enemy for the northern and southern German states to unit against. • Using the military to unify and encouraging the militarization of a unified Germany, was going to create unrest in Europe. Fear of an increasingly powerful Germany will contribute to the tensions that led to World War I.

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the Imperialist movement in Europe in the 19th century and what negative consequences did it produce?

The IR increased the need for raw materials and for markets and having

an Empire provided both of those things.

• The Opium Wars between Great Britain and China - a result of the

British desire for tea and silk from China.

• Increased racism - the European feeling of superiority and privilege

that “justified” their actions in Africa and Asia.

• The Sudanese Massacre

Explain the connection between Imperialism and Nationalism in the 19th Century

• Imperialism fueled Nationalism and Nationalism fueled Imperialism. It was a never ending cycle. People found pride in the fact that their nations held massive Empires - “The Sun Never Set on the British Empire” and it increased their sense of Nationalism. At the same time in order to increase their international standing, countries continued to pursue the acquisition of larger empires. • The Berlin Conference - allowed the countries of Europe to divide up Africa without any thought to who was living there at the time. • This led to issues where families and nationalities in Africa were divided.

Identify and explain the differences between the motivations behind Imperialism and the justifications used to defend it.

• Motivations are the real reasons a person or state carries out an action, and a justification is only needed when those actions are not necessarily moral or right, such as Imperialism. • The motivations behind Imperialism are for the political and economic gain of the European country. They wanted the raw materials that existed in Africa and Asia and they wanted markets they could force to buy their products. They wanted the increased international standing they had by having a large Empire. • The justifications for the acquisition of the Empires fell into three categories. 1. Social Darwinism - derived from Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection, Herbert Spencer spread the belief that Imperialism was fine because it was the survival of the fittest society. Since Europe was able to take over regions in Africa and Asia it was because they were superior and that justified their actions. 2. Civilization - Rudyard Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” is an example of the belief that it was the job of the Europeans to go in and civilize the people of Africa and Asia. This belief in racial-superiority justified in their minds their actions. 3. Religious - spreading Christianity.

Compare and contrast 19th century Imperialism and 17th century Colonialism.

• 19th Century - Imperialism • Occurred in Africa and Asia primarily • Was for the benefit of the European Country as a whole - to fuel the Industrial Revolution and to improve their international political standing • Europeans went there to run the factories or other means of production, rather to establish an equal extension of their country. • 17th century - Colonialism • Occurred primarily in the Americas • Was more for the benefit of the individuals who were living in the colonies. Whether it was to escape religious and/or political persecution, or to improve their families’ economic status. • The colonies were seen as extensions of the mother country. • Similarities: • Poor treatment of the native populations • The motives were Political, Economic, Religious and Social for both, but who benefitted from them differed - for Imperialism it was the European State and for Colonialism it was more the individuals.

How did Imperialism influence life in Britain as well as throughout the Empires during the 19th century?

• Britain • Increased consumerism and an improved standard of living.

• New philosophies emerged as people started to question the value and morality of Imperialism. This included writers like Joseph Conrad, who wrote the novel Heart of Darkness which criticized the treatment of Africans at the hands of the Imperial power. It also included J.A. Hobson, who argued that imperialism actually did more harm than good.

• Empirical Holdings:

• An increase in Nationalism among the indigenous populations. One example being the Sepoy Rebellion in India caused by the belief that the British were not respectful of Hindu and Muslim customs. • The British Conflict with the Zulus

How did Imperialism and Nationalism influence intellectual movements in Europe during the 19th century?

• With the increase in Imperialism and Nationalism there was an

increase in economic means, as well as more leisure time, providing

more opportunities for education to more people. With this came new

ideologies and beliefs that were fueled by an ever increasing literacy rate in

Europe.

• Positivism - a threat to the religious hold that Christianity had on Europe

this belief was that everything needed to have scientific proof.

• Relativism - this was derived from positivism and focused on the belief

that we all have different perspectives and different truths. There is no one

universal truth as Christianity had people believe.

• Irrationalism - Nietzche - again was an attack on Christianity and the belief

that people are governed by a God. They argued rather that people are

controlled by their own passion.

• Psychoanalysis - Freud - this was the belief that people are controlled by

their subconscious and not by rational choice.

• Quantum Mechanics and the Theory of Relativity both argued that no

longer could everything be explained by rational calculations as was the

basis of Newtonian Physics.

Explain how Nationalism influenced literature and art of the 19th century.

Nationalism is an intense pride in one’s nationality, and with that came the

desire to increase the power and standing of one’s nation. This was seen in the

establishment of Empires, but it was also reflected in the artwork.

• Romanticism

• Fransisco Goya’s “The Third of May” depicted the Spanish revolt against

Napoleonic rule. It was a clear representation of Spanish Nationalism.

• Tchaikovsky and other musicians composed grand pieces that would

reflect the power of the nation - such the 1812 Overture - which glorified

the Russian defeat of Napoleon, a clear reflection of Russian Nationalism

• Victor Hugo - wrote Les Miserables about the 1830 and 1848 French

Revolutions as a means of showing the power of the French people and

their resilience, reflecting French Nationalism.

How did new technology influence the development of new artistic styles during the 19th century?

• With the invention of the camera the artwork no longer needed to be so realistic and artists took this as an opportunity to create new kinds of art. • Impressionism -(Claude Monet) which in a way blurred the images that were created. • Post-Impressionism -(Vincent Van Gogh) which played with the movement through brush strokes • Cubism - (Pablo Picasso) which played with dimensions and angles to portray objects.