EOYT : cold war + ww1

Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union

When did the cold war take place?

1945-1991

What caused tension between the US and Soviet Union

ideological rivalry, proxy wars, and the constant threat of nuclear conflict.

Escalation

A rapid increase in the intensity or seriousness of a conflict or situation.

Blockade

The act of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving, typically used as a military or political strategy.

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

A military strategy based on the belief that opposing sides possess enough weapons to destroy each other, deterring either from initiating a strike.

Trade Embargo

A government-imposed ban on trade with a specific country used as political or economic leverage.

Fidel Castro

Communist leader of Cuba who aligned with the USSR during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet Premier who secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962.

John F. Kennedy

U.S. President during the Cuban Missile Crisis; ordered a naval blockade of Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Thirteen-day standoff in October 1962 after the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war.

Naval Blockade (Quarantine)

U.S. naval encirclement of Cuba ordered by President Kennedy to prevent further Soviet missile deliveries.

Outcome of Cuban Missile Crisis

USSR removed missiles from Cuba; the USA secretly agreed to withdraw missiles from Turkey, averting nuclear war. leaders started communicating more

Free market capitalism

Individuals make most economic decisions with minimal government interference

Command Economy

Government controls all major industries,resources and production

Autarky

Self-sufficient economy that doesnt rely on other countries

Pros of Communism

• Economy is focused on specific tasks

• Governement secures a home,job,meal

Cons of Communism

• Bad leader = mass starvation (mismanagment)

• Autarky

Pros of Capitalism

• Freedom to do whatever you want

• Free Market

• Everyone has an equal chance to suceed

Cons of capitalism

• creates sociall/economic inequality

• leaves country vunrable

• no gaurantee of success

Iron curtain

• Division of europe after WWII

• West led by USA + allies (democracy)

• East led by Soviet union (communism)

• Separated “free nations” from soviet union

What makes a country a superpower?

• Military strength

• Economic power

• Idealogical Influence

• Global Alliances

• Technological and space leadership

• Cultural impact

What was the USA scared of? (Domino effect)

USSR influence and power, if one country falls into communism the rest will follow

N.A.T.O full form and is it USA or USSR

North atlantic treaty organisation,usa

Warsaw pact

led by soviet union to combat NATO

what was the catalyst of WWI

Austrian emperor France Ferdinand’s assasiantion in sarajevo,bosnia by gavilar principe in

Long term causes of WWI

• Nationalism

• Ethnic unrest

• ugoslavia

• imperialism

• alliances

• militarism

What is the black hand

serbian nationalist secret society that killed france ferdinand

Blank check?

Germany’s promise to back up austria-hungary in whatever they do to retaliate for the assassination of their emperor

The july crisis

• austria-hungary’s ridiculous list of demands

• german blank check

Panslavism

Serbia seeks to unite all slav countries from Balkans

scramble for africa

intensified rivalries among European powers for control of territory

Arms race

⁃       Escalating defense budgets led to development of larger armies and advanced weaponry

⁃       The triple Entente had a size advantage in terms of combined military forces

Naval arms race

⁃       A key aspect of rivalry between Germany and Great Britain was the development of new naval technology

⁃       This technology competition increased German anxiety about falling behind bridals naval superiority.

Timing of war

⁃       Leaders understood that the war would definitely happen

⁃       They decided to fight sooner and believed that it would be a quick war

Schliefflien plan

-       Aimed to quickly defeat France by advancing through Belgium ,the Netherlands and France

⁃       Required precise timing and completion within 6 weeks

⁃       Defended on speed and avoiding prolonger conflict in the west before turning to Russia.

Plan XVII

⁃       Focused on an offensive strike through Lorraine, misjudging German movements

⁃       Highlighting weakness in French military intelligence and strategic planning.

Russian military startegy

⁃       Logistical and organizational challenges required Russia to mobilize its troops earlier than other nations

⁃       This put additional pressure on German plan.

Austro-hungarian stratagy

-       Faced simultaneous threats from Serbian forces in the south and Russian forces in the east

⁃       Relatively weak technologically and heavily dependent of Germany for support.

The triple alliance

Germany, austria-hunagry and Italy (always defensive)

Triple entente

France, Britain and Russia but not a formal military alliance

M.A.I.N factors

Militarism,Alliances,Imperialism,Nationalism

Militarism

Glorification of military power and readiness for war.

Nationalism

Intense pride and desire for national and ethnic self-determination.

Imperialism

Expansion of empires and competition for colonies.

Total War

no distinction between civilians and soldiers, everyone is a target.

Limited war

avoiding destruction does not require full mobilization of country’s economy and society

Proxy war

use of third parties for war

East vs West fronts

West front

-       Narrow front (France, Belgium)

-       Trench warfare, stalemates

-       Germany vs France, Britian later the US

-       Muddy trenches, gas attacks, short supply lines

East front

-       Vast, open terrain (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia)

-       Mobile warfare, frequent advances

-       Germany, Austria- Hungary vs Russia later Romania

-       Harsh winters, long supply lines, poor infrastructure

War of attrition

A war that is fought over a long period and only ends when one side has neither the soldiers and equipment nor the determination left to continue fighting.

Types of gas used

Chlorine,Mustard,Phosphorus

The rape of belgium

mass killing of civilians, and destruction of cultural sites by the germans during the occupation of belgium according to shlifflien plaan

Trench Warfare

A form of combat during WWI characterized by opposing trenches, stalemate, poor living conditions, heavy casualties, and minimal territorial gain.

Battle of the Somme (1916)

WWI battle with over one million casualties and little territorial change

Treaty of Versailles

1919 peace treaty ending WWI

Outcome of WWI

Allied victory leading to the Treaty of Versailles and major political changes across Europe.