body systems bio 20 chapter 9

Breathing Movements is controlled by what

Medulla oblongata

Chemoreceptors

Nerve receptors that are sensitive to chemicals

CO2 Chemoreceptor

Increases heart rate from medulla oblongata

Oxygen chemoreceptor

Increases heart rate from carotid artery and aorta

Carbon monoxide dangers

Robs oxygen from blood cells

Causes headache

Upset stomach

Light headedness

Tiredness and aches

Respiratory system and exercise cause what

Increased CO2, H+, and decreased O2

Bronchitis

An inflammation of the bronchial tubes

Emphysema

A respiratory disorder characterized by An overinflation of alveoli

Lung cancer

When cells grow uncontrollably, forming tumours that block bronchioles.

Reduces airflow to lungs and may cause collapse

Bronchial Asthma

what is a chronic condition that inflames and narrows the airways, causing breathing difficulties.

Cystic fibrosis

a disorder that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system. Can lead to breathing difficulties and problems with nutrient absorption.

Daltons law

Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of a mixture

Where is the highest partial prssure found

the air

Where is the lowest partial pressure of oxygen found

The alveoli in the lungs

Direcction of oxygen

Atmosphere→Alveoli→Blood

Hemoglobin

The oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells

Oxyhemoglobin

happens when oxygen dissolves into the plasma and forms a weak bond

Blood ph range

7.35-7.45

% of CO2 in rbc

27

% of CO2 in to carbonic acid from carbonic anhydrase

64

%of CO2 in plasma

9

Blood ph range

7.35-7.45

Systems influence blood ph range

• Intra & extracellular protein system 

• Phosphate system

• Bicarbonate system

3 types of muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Controlled by SA node pacemaker

Smooth muscles

Found in the lining of organs can contraction is involuntary

Muscles

Shorten when they contract, lengthen when they relax

Antagonistic muscles

skeletal muscles are arranged in pairs that work against each other to make a joint move

Flexor

muscle that must contract to bend a joint

Extensor

muscle that must contract to straighten a joint

Skeletal muscles

• Composed of several bundles of cells called fibres.

• Muscle cells have many nuclei

• Fibres are enclosed within a membrane called the sarcolemma

• Within muscle fibers are tiny myofilaments

Actin

Thin myofilaments

Myosin

Thick myofilaments

In absence of ATP

Muscles become rigid

Rigor mortis

the contraction of muscles following death where skeletal muscles become fixed

Muscle twitch or contraction

occurs when a nerve impulse stimulates several muscle cells

Tetanus

the state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses

Muscle spasms

are caused by involuntary contractions of muscles (often caused by a pinched nerve)