Introduction and Cells/Cell Divison

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Planes of Reference

imaginary lines or actual dissecting cuts (sections) which may be used to "section" the body or an organ

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

coronal plane or frontal plane

divides into anterior or posterior (front/back)

transerve plane or horizontal plane

divides into superior and inferior

cephalic region

head

orbital

eye

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

frontal

forehead

occipital

back of head

cervical region

neck

thoracic region or thorax

chest

pectoral region

chest

mammary region

breast

sternal region

sternum

axillary region

armpit

abdominal region

located inferior to diaphragm and superior to pelvic brim of hip bones

pelvic region

inferior to the abdominal region, between the hip bones

upper extremity

upper limb

deltiod region

shoulder

brachial region

arm between shoulder and elbow

antebrachium region

forearm (between elbow and wrist)

antecubital region or cubital

elbow

carpal region

wrist

hand

manus

palmer

palm (front side) of hand

dorsum

back of hand

lower extremity

bones of the hips, legs, and feet

femoral region

thigh (from hip to knee)

patellar region

anterior (front) of knee

popliteal region

posterior (back) of knee

crural region

leg (from knee to ankle)

Plantar

sole (bottom) of foot

Dorsum

top of foot

Cranial cavity or endocranium

contains the brain

vertebral canal

opening formed by vertebral (spina) column.

Contains spinal cord

thoracic cavity or chest cavity

contains heart and lungs

2 pleural cavities

each associated with a lung

Mediastinum

space between the lungs

pericardial cavity

associated with heart

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

contains digestive organs

pelvic cavity

contains internal reproductive organs and urinary bladder

Serious membrane

composed of tissue and either cover or support organs or line the walls of some body cavities and secrete serous fluid

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

visceral layer

covers external surface of organs

serous cavity

potential space between parietal and visceral layer of serious membrane

serous fluid secretes here

Order serous membranes

organ --> visceral --> serous cavity --> parietal layer

plasma membrane

(cell membrane) surrounds cell and gives it form

cytoplasm

consists of:

Cytosol: fluid portion of cytoplasm

Organelles: tiny subcellular structures that do specific functions for the cell

Nucleus

contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Proteins

are scattered w/in membrane, some are attached others float in membrane

Cholesterol

strengthens membrane

Glycocalyx

carbohydrates that participate in cell recognition

selectively permeable

acts as a gatekeeper allows some substances to enter the cell but keeps other substances out

Microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area

Cillia

hair like projections of a cell that move in wave like motion (move substances over all surface)

Mitochondria

Power house of the cell

Makes ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy for the cell

Contains its own DNA. Inherited from mom, not dad. because head of sperm contains no mitochondria

Ribosomes

involved in protein synthesis

two types:

- Free ribosomes: primarily make protein for the cell itself

- Ribosomes attached to rough ER primarily make protein for plasma membrane to be exported outside cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

a network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materials

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

has ribosomes on walls

synthesizes & distributes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

synthesizes lipids (especially steroid hormones), detoxifies drugs and alcohol

Has no ribosomes

Liver (process products of digestion)

Adrenal Glands (produce corticosteriol hormones (such as cortisol)

Lysosomes

contains digestive enzymes (garbage man)

Tay Sachs disease

- lysosmal enzymes missing or disfunctional

- buildup of wastes in cells

leads to nervous system deteroration, death by age 4-6

Centrioles

involved in cell division

- pair of rod shaped structures invovled in cell division

Nucleus

contain DNA- genetic material for the cell

when cell is not dividing DNA is in form of Chromatin

DNA forms chromosomes only when cell is dividing

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

DNA in the form of...

chromatin

some nuclei have a

nucleolus

Nucleolus

makes the "parts" that form ribosomes

In cells that have a high protein synthesis rate (ex: motor neuron or muscle cell)

Interphase

cell is not dividing

dna is replicated (duplicated) during this time

mitotic phase

stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing

Mitosis: division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Mitosis

cell division for somatic cells

meiosis

cell division for sex cells

Replicated chromosome (double-stranded chromosome)

chromosomes that has already been duplicated. It has 2 copies of the DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

-two sister chromatids joined at a centromere

-Chromosomes that have already been duplicated

-2 copies of the DNA

Sister Chromatids

each of the 2 genetically identical copies of a replicated chromosome

Single Chromosome (single stranded chromosome)

comprised of 1 chromatid. Non replicated NDA

prohase

first phase of mitosis; copied DNA coils into chromosomes

Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids

- duplicated DNA

- total of 46 replicated chromosomes

- chromatids are joined at a centromere

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell

Spinal Fibers go from centrioles to chromatids

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Metaphase

Chromosomes align along the center of the cell (Equatorial plate)

The mitotic spinal extends from the centrioles

Anaphase

spindle fibers split apart sister chromatids at centromere

sister chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell

each chromatid is now called single chromosomes (single stranded chromosome)

Telophase

Nuclear envelop reforms in each developing cell

cleavage furrow develops

Cytokinesis begins (division of the cytoplasm)

Mitosis is complete

The cell finishes cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)

Mitotic phase= mitosis + cytokinesis

The cell now re enters interphase

Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin

Outcome of mitosis- 2 identical daughter cells

Meiosis

Cell division where gametes (sperm cells or oocytes) are formed

replicated chromosome (double-stranded chromosome)

chromosome with 2 identical sister chromatids

pair of chromosomes

1 maternal and 1 paternal chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs

Diploid

a cell with 2 copies of each chromosome

Haploid

a cell with a single copy of each chromosome

homologous chromsomes

pair for similar (not identical) chromosomes

- contain genes that code for the same cellular function

single stranded chromosome

a chromosome (previously a sister chromatid) and a centromere

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis

- Produces 2 cells, each contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

- Daughter cells are identical to the original (parent) cell

- Cells are diploid: they have 2 of each chromosome

- Cell division occurs 1 time

Meiosis

- Produces 4 cells containing, each with only 23 chromosomes (haploid)

- Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell

- Cells are haploid: 1 of each chromosome

Interphase

DNA is replicated

DNA will form replicated (double stranded) chromosomes

Cell now contains 23 airs of replicated (double stranded) chromosomes

23 of these chromosomes came from one parent; the other 23 came from the other parent = 46 total

Because the cell contains a complete set of chromosomes from each parent, the cell is diploid

Meiosis I

1st meiotic division

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are sperated

Results in 2 cells, each with only 23 replicated (double-stranded) chromosomes

Meiosis II

2nd meiotic division

Replicated chromosomes separated into single-stranded chromosomes

results in 4 cells, each with 23 chromosomes

Prophase I (Meiosis)

Homologous pairs of chromosomes group together

Crossing over: the process by which genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes

Metaphase I (meiosis)

pairs of homologous chromosomes form two lines in middle of cell (left and right sides)

What side the paternal or paternal chromosomes go to for each pair is random

Anaphase I (meiosis)

pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of cell

Each chromosome is still replicated (sister chromatids are not pulled apart)

Telophase I (meiosis)

cell finishes 1st meiotic division, producing 2 daughter cells

daughter cells each have 23 replicated (double-stranded) chromosomes (each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids)

Parent cell had 23 pairs of chromosomes, but daughter cells have only 23 chromosomes

Prophase II (meiosis)

replicated (double-stranded) chromosomes gather

crossing over does not occur since these are not homologous pairs of chromosomes

Metaphase II (meiosis)

replicated (double-stranded) chromosomes align at center of the cell