GCSE geography - urban issues and challenges
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180 Terms
what is urbanisation?
the process where an increasing percentage of people live in urban areas; the process where people move from rural to urban areas
what is a millionaire city
a city with a population of more than 1 million people
what is a mega city
a city with a population of more than 10 million people
in what areas of the world are there the highest rates of urbanisation?
asia and africa
in what areas of the world are there the lowest rates of urbanisation?
north america and europe
in the 1950’s, where were the cities with the largest populations?
europe, north america, far east
why did these cities have the largest populations in the 1950’s?
they’re in high income countries, which are more economically developed
in 2015, where were the cities with the largest populations?
south east and south asia
why did these cities have the largest populations in 2015?
they’re in LIC’s/NEE’s
4 cities experiencing the greatest urban growth:
lagos
delhi
dhaka
kinshasa
4 cities experiencing the lowest urban growth:
tokyo
hong kong
london
berlin
who was the Brandt line created by
willy brandt
when was the brandt line created
1980s
what was the main purpose of the brandt line
to distinguish the developed countries in the world from the developing ones
social issues with quickly increasing urban growth (1)
pressure on housing supply, water supply + energy supply
economic issues with quickly increasing urban growth (2)
pressure on jobs
pressure on government
environmental issues with quickly increasing urban growth (4)
expansion into surrounding rural areas → leads to deforestation and decreasing carbon sink
air and noise pollution
ruins aesthetics of surroundings
water pollution due to increased fertiliser use on crops
what is a push factor
a factor which forces people away
what is a pull factor
a factor which attracts people to a place
what are push factors of rural areas (5)
lack of education
lack of jobs
lack of access to healthcare
lack of access to basic resources (e.g. electricity, piped water, food)
poor quality + unsanitary housing
what are 2 push factors of rural areas which have developed over time
lack of investment from government as a result of more and more people moving away
less jobs in agriculture as a result of mechanization of agriculture
what are pull factors of urban areas
improved everything that was lacking in rural areas e.g. more healthcare, better living standards, more basic resources, more jobs and education
what is natural increase
growth in population as a result of birth rate being higher then death rate
what is india
a NEE (newly emerging economy)
what is mumbai
a megacity
what is the capital city of india
new delhi
where is mumbai in india
west coast of india. (south of delhi)
what is the population of mumbai
approximately 22 million
how is mumbai important regionally (state(s)) (3)
its an economic hub
trade and commerce
entertainment industry
how does mumbai being an economic hub make it important regionally? (3)
financial capital of india
has many headquarters to major companies, from which the profits go to the major government
contributes significantly to the national economy
how does mumbai’s trade and commerce make it important regionally?
its a major port city; lots of goods exported and imported
how does mumbai’s entertainment industry make it important regionally? (2)
heart of bollywood
influences national theatre, television and music
how is mumbai important nationally (3)
economic powerhouse
infrastructure
cultural diversity
how does mumbai being an economic powerhouse make it important nationally?
it contributes substantially to India’s GDP
how does mumbai’s infrastructure make it important nationally? (2)
e.g. transportation networks, healthcare facilities, educational facilities
crucial urban centre in India
how does mumbai’s cultural diversity make it important nationally?
lots of different cultures, languages and traditions
how is mumbai important globally (3)
global financial centre
trade and connectivity
cultural influence
how does mumbai’s global financial centre make it important globally? (2)
mumbai’s stock exchange (BSE) is one of the oldest and largest in the world
attracts many investors and businesses from all over the world
how does mumbai’s trade and connectivity make it important globally? (2)
located on the arabian sea, it serves as a key maritime gateway
connects to international trade routes
how does mumbai’s cultural influence make it important globally? (2)
bollywood has a global audience
mumbai’s diverse population makes it a global cultural hub, attracting people from all over the world
what is an example of slums in mumbai
dharavi slums
how many people live in 1m² in mumbai
1 million people
dharavi slums are an..
informal settlement
social opportunities of living in the dharavi slums (2)
low crime rates
great sense of community
economic opportunities of living in the dharavi slums (3)
high employment rates
local economy benefits (multiplier effect)
lots of small family businesses
environmental opportunities of living in the dharavi slums (1)
estimated 80% of Mumbai’s waste is recycled
social challenges of living in the dharavi slums (3)
quick spread of disease
mounds of rubbish everywhere
overpopulation
economic challenges of living in dharavi slums (2)
cost of meeting basic needs is very high (e.g. water, electricity, food)
transportation is an issue
environmental challenges of living in dharavi slums (3)
toxic waste leaks through streets
contaminated water
lack of waste disposal/collection systems
why is it so difficult to solve the challenges created by rapid growth in mumbai? (3)
very expensive (NEE - can’t fund it)
site is so informal that its impossible to introduce infrastructure on a mass scale
rate of growth of settlement is very high
what are the two types of improvement schemes
self help services + site and service schemes
what is a self help scheme
when community groups work together to improve lives. they are small scale and generally low cost
what is a site and service scheme
when the government identifies new site for development, e.g. providing running water and electricity. these allow more people to move in and are generally expensive.
what are 4 schemes in place in mumbai
mumbai slum resettlement scheme
mumbai slum sanitation project
incremental housing strategies
mumbai slum electrification project
what has been done in the mumbai slum resettlement scheme to improve lives
a slum area around the railway was cleared and residents moved elsewhere to housing
what are the 2 advantages of this scheme
all their basic needs are met (e.g. running water, plumbing, electricity)
lots of small shops nearby so its easier to make money
what type of scheme is the mumbai slum resettlement scheme
site and service
what has been done in the mumbai slum sanitation project to improve lives
improved sanitation facilities for up to a million slum dwellers e.g. 300+ community toilet blocks containing 5100+ individual toilets
what are 2 advantages of this scheme
better safety for women
improved health
what type of scheme is this
site and service
what has been done in the incremental housing strategies to improve lives
involves working with architects and locals to design and plan new housing, turning informal slums into residential areas
what type of scheme is this
site and service
what has been done in the mumbai slum electrification project to improve lives
helps provide people with electricity. e.g. the Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA) have provided 10,000 slum dwellers with new or upgraded electricity connections
what is the advantage of the mumbai slum electrification project
people dont have to rely on expensive and dangerous bottled gas
what type of scheme is this
site + service/ self help
how does running water help improve lives (3)
helps increase health
more people can attend school, learn new skills and drive the development of the city
more able to work and boost the economy
how does electricity help improve lives (4)
fridge (allows food to stay fresh for longer, improves health)
attracts investment
for cooking (cheaper and safer than gas)
mobile phones (access to internet for education and communication)
discuss the effectiveness of strategies to improve lives in slum settlements (6)
Paragraph 1
P → how effective (very, the most, ineffective)
E → example
E → why is it so effective
L → link - “it is clear that slum resettlement is very effective because”
Paragraph 2
“A less effective strategy is..”
“Another very effective strategy is..”
Explain why its less effective then paragraph 1 at the end
what is population density
the number of people per km² (densely/sparsely populated)
what is population distribution
the spread of people within an area (uneven/concentrated/linear)
where is the uk population density the highest (2)
in the SE, running through to the NW in a linear/belt distribution
in major cities
where does the population density begin to decrease
as you move further from the belt
what is the overall uk population distribution
uneven because there are several exceptions e.g. edinburgh
how is bristol an important city in the Uk? (3)
largest city in the SW of england
2 major universities
a mix of cultures and religions
how many people live in bristol
694,000
where is bristol situated on
the river Avon, near its confluence with the river severn
how is bristol an important city in the wider world (2)
2 major docks (Avonmouth and Royal Portbury)
its on the M4 route, with easy access to London
positive impacts of migration on Bristol (3)
45 religions in bristol
at least 90 different languages are spoken
migrant workers are employed in many different industries
negative impacts of migration in bristol (2)
pressure on housing, employment and healthcare
need to provide education for children whose first language is not english
why did people migrate to Bristol?
after WWII, the Uk joined the EU in 1973. In 2004, lots of eastern european countries joined the EU, and there was lots of migration to large cities like Bristol
which famous artist lives and works a lot in bristol
banksy
what has the growing migration led to
different cuisines, festivals and music being introduced
what recreational activities are there in bristol
ashton court is a large park which provides opportunity for walking and cycling
what entertainment is there in bristol (3)
theatres e.g. the Old Vic
2 professional football teams, City and Rovers
shopping
how have urban areas changed in terms of people (3)
greater % of people employed in tertiary and quaternary industry
increase in population
increase in diversity of population
what is the tertiary sector
provision of services (e.g. teaching)
what is the quaternary sector
research and development (e.g. scientist)
what is the primary sector
agricultural, mining, using the earth’s resources
what is the secondary sector
manufactoring
in what sectors is income generally the highest
quaternary and tertiary sectors
what is brownfield land
land that has been previously developed and is now derelict and abandoned
what is the effect of Bristol’s Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone on employment opportunities in Bristol?
it attracts government grants and tax relief aimed at encouraging economic growth and creating new jobs
how has employment in bristol changed
originally based in the ports, changed to tertiary and quaternary sectors
how many seperate high tech businesses have developed in the Bristol area?
430
what factors have encouraged the development of high tech businesses in bristol (3)
a £100 million government grant to become a Super-connected City with broadband speeds of up to 80Mbps
advanced research with universities
collaboration between high tech businesses and other sectors in research and development
what are 3 opportunities created by urban change
integrated transport system
park and ride system
urban greening
what is an integrated transport system
public transport which is well connected
what does an integrated transport system mean for people (2)
creates ease of transport and access for public
allows people to travel to many places easily
what are examples of an integrated transport system
cycle routes, motorways, buses, railways, Park and Ride
why is an integrated transport system important for urban areas (4)
reduces CO2 emissions
less traffic and congestion
less noise and air pollution
creates jobs