WHAP UNIT 7

Young Turks

A group that overthrew the Sultan in 1908, secularized schools and the law code, started political elections, and made Turkish the official language of the empire.

Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

Internal and external factors led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in its end after losing World War I.

Russian Revolution of 1905

A movement where the growing middle class and industrial working class demanded a voice in government decisions, which was brutally suppressed.

Nicholas II's Reforms

Nicholas II offered some reforms like a constitution, the legalization of unions and political parties, but not much changed in reality.

Collapse of the Russian Empire

Internal and external factors led to the collapse of the Russian Empire due to a communist revolution.

Russian Revolution of 1917

A revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks that resulted in Russia becoming the Soviet Union, the first Communist State.

Sun Yat-Sen

Leader of a revolutionary movement against the western powers in China, which led to the end of 2000 years of imperial rule.

Collapse of the Qing Empire

Internal and external factors led to the collapse of the Qing Empire, resulting in a civil war and the establishment of a communist state under Mao Zedong.

Mexican Revolution

A revolution that ousted dictator Porfirio Diaz, leading to a political crisis and the rise of peasant armies.

Francisco Madero

Became president of Mexico due to his socialist ideas about land redistribution but was assassinated.

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

Popular figures who led peasant armies during the Mexican Revolution but were not able to take control of the country.

1917 Mexican Constitution

A new constitution that addressed many grievances that led to the revolution starting.

Militarism

The massive building of armies and navies, led by Britain and Germany.

Triple Alliance

An alliance consisting of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.

Triple Entente

An alliance consisting of Russia, France, and Britain.

Triple Entente

Russia, France and Britain; attacking any of these states means attacking their allies.

MAIN causes of Imperialism

Bitter rivalries among European countries created by competition to grab lands in Africa and Asia.

Nationalism

The growth of the feeling of glory and commonality of a state's people, while defining other states as enemies, led to conflicts being met with force.

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian nationalist who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, leading to the start of World War I.

Total War

The entire population of a country is mobilized to fight, including civilians, leading to civilians being targeted by opponents.

First Total War

World War I was the _____ ______ ______

Modern Weapons

Changes in technology like machine guns, chemical gas, and tanks made the war deadlier.

Trench Warfare

A new style of fighting that emerged during World War I, leading to a stalemate with enormous casualties.

Propaganda

Information shared by the government that is highly biased and often misrepresents facts to create a strong emotional response.

Mobilization through Propaganda

Governments used political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism to mobilize populations for war.

Outcome of World War I

The US joined the war in 1917, helping Britain and France to win; the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1918, greatly punishing Germany.

Great Depression Context

After World War I, European nations relied on the US for loans; the 1929 stock market crash led to economic calamity spreading in Europe.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy penalties on Germany.

US Stock Market Crash

The 1929 event that halted loans to Europe, contributing to the global depression.

New Deal

Initiative started by American president Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that took place during the 1930s.

New Economic Plan

A plan introduced by Vladimir Lenin to help revive the Soviet economy after World War I.

Five Year Plans

A series of centralized economic plans implemented by Joseph Stalin aimed at rapidly industrializing the Soviet Union.

Collectivization

A policy implemented by Stalin to consolidate individual landholdings and labor into collective farms.

Holodomor

A man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that resulted in millions of deaths, recognized as a genocide.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Mandate System

A system established by the League of Nations allowing western nations to govern former Ottoman Empire and German colonies until they could self-rule.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

A concept created by Japan to promote the idea of Asian unity and independence from Western powers while expanding its own imperial holdings.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India founded in the late 19th century that aimed to gain greater autonomy for Indians from British rule.

Soviet Control of Economy

The system where the Soviet government controlled all aspects of the economy, often leading to negative repercussions for the population.

Territorial Holdings

The areas of land that a country controls, which can change due to wars, treaties, and colonization.

Colonial Holdings

Territories that are governed by a foreign power, often maintained and expanded after World War I despite calls for independence.

Economic Life

The overall system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a society.

Repressive Policies

Government actions that restrict freedoms and rights of individuals, often leading to suffering among the population.

Famine

An extreme scarcity of food affecting a large population, often resulting in widespread hunger and death.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group.

Conquest

The act of acquiring territory through military force or invasion.

Territory Expansion

The process of a state increasing its land area through various means, including war and treaties.

Economic Intervention

Government actions taken to influence or control the economy, especially during crises.

Active Role in Economy

The involvement of the government in regulating and managing economic activities to stabilize or grow the economy.

Ukraine's Grain Production

Ukraine was the largest producer of grain in the Soviet Union, significantly impacted by Stalin's policies.

Treaty of Versailles

A treaty that was a huge let down to Italy, who was denied territories they were promised for their participation in World War I, and imposed huge reparations on Germany.

War Guilt Clause

A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to take full blame for World War I.

Totalitarianism

When a government has total control over the lives of its citizens, including where they work and live.

Fascism

A far right political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals.

Joseph Stalin

Communist totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union.

Benito Mussolini

The leader who created the first fascist state in Italy.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of Germany who led the Nazi Party and reclaimed territory taken by the Treaty of Versailles.

Great Depression

An economic downturn that hurt economies all over the world and contributed to the causes of World War II.

Axis Powers

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Allied Powers

The alliance of Britain, France, and the Soviet Union during World War II.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, often leading to the mobilization of people during wars.

Aggressive Steps of Hitler

Included canceling reparations payments, remilitarizing Germany by rearming the Rhineland, and leading campaigns to annex territory throughout Europe.

World War II Start Date

World War II officially began in Europe in 1939 when the Nazis invaded Poland.

Total War

A type of war where both sides mobilize all available resources and populations to achieve victory.

Propaganda

Used by both World War I and World War II governments to provoke nationalism and define the enemy to mobilize people at home and on the battlefield.

Fascist States

Highly nationalistic states organized so that everything served the interest of the state, aiding in quick mobilization.

Invasion of Poland

The event in 1939 that led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany.

Military Humiliation of Germany

The Treaty of Versailles destroyed Germany's military capabilities.

Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia

An example of imperial aspirations that contributed to the causes of World War II.

Reparations

Payments imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles as punishment for World War I.

Fascism in Japan

The rise of fascist ideology in Japan during the same period as European fascism.

Nazi Party

The political party led by Adolf Hitler that governed Germany and promoted fascist policies.

Stalin's Five Year Plans

Economic plans used by the Communist Soviet Union to push for rapid industrialization and economic growth.

Mobilization in World War II

The various methods governments used to prepare for and conduct war, differing significantly between states.

Democratic mobilization

The reliance on public cooperation, propaganda campaigns, and welfare state expansion to mobilize for war, as seen in Great Britain.

Internment camps

Facilities used by the United States during World War II to detain Japanese immigrants, regardless of their citizenship.

Nuremberg Laws

Racial laws passed in Germany that discriminated against Jews and led to their forced relocation into ghettos and concentration camps.

Repression of freedoms

The actions taken by states during World War II to suppress basic freedoms and dominate daily life.

Firebombing

The military tactic used by Allied forces that resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and destruction of cities like Dresden and Tokyo.

Total war

A military strategy that involves the mobilization of all of a society's resources towards the war effort, leading to increased wartime casualties.

Atomic bomb

A powerful weapon developed by the United States and dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and ending the war in the Pacific Theater.

Armenian Genocide

The mass extermination and forced relocation of Armenians by Ottoman authorities during World War I, resulting in the deaths of between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians.

Holocaust

The systematic genocide orchestrated by the Nazis during World War II, resulting in the deaths of 6 million Jews and 5 million others.

Final Solution

Hitler's plan for the extermination of Jews and other groups deemed undesirable, implemented with industrial precision.

Extremist groups

Political factions that rose to power and attempted the destruction of specific populations, notably during the Holocaust.

Casta System

A hierarchical social structure in Spanish America that is compared to the racial ideologies used by western nations post-1450.

Social Darwinism

A 19th-century ideology that applied the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, influencing racial policies in western nations.