Human Physiology Exam 1

Physiology

Study of normal functioning of a living organism and organs used to maintian homeostasis

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, organisms

What is the organization of life from smallest to biggest unit?

Tissue

Similar cells work together to perform specific function and has four main types?

Organ

What is composed of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform a function?

Nervous, Epithelial, Muscle, Connective

What are the four types of Tissues?

Electrical impulses, Communication, and regulating body functions

What is Nervous Tissue used for?

Neurons, Glial cells

Two type of cells in Nervous tissue?

Protection, absorbtion, secretion, filtration, sensation

What does Epithelial Tissue do?

Simple squamous, simple cubodial

What are some cells in Epithelial tissue?

Support, protection, transport, storage, insulation

What does connective tissue do?

Fat cells, Blood cells, Bone , Cartilage

What are some examples of connective tissue?

Helps Movement, posture, heat production

What does muscle tissue do?

Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal

Some examples of Muscle tissue?

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

What are the layers of skin?

Gap, Anchoring, Tight

What ae the three types of cell junctions?

It allows movement of small molecules like ions

How does gap junction connect cells together?

they attach cells firmly together or to the extracellular matrix

how does anchoring junctions connect cells together?

They do not allow things to pass through.

How does tight junctions connect cells together?

(Extracellular)Plasma, Interstitial, Intracellular

What are the three fluid compartments of the body?

Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, communication, vitamin D production

What are some functions of the skin?

Extracellular fluid inside blood vessels

What is plasma?

ECF surrounds most cells

What is interstitial fluid?

Endocrinology

What is the study of Hormones?

Chemical secreted by glands that travel through the blood to act on ongoing functions of the body

What are hormones?

Metabolism, Reproduction, Growth, Development, internal environment regulation

What are some functions hormones act on?

specific molecule that binds to a receptor to trigger a response.

What is a ligand?

Artificial ligands that interact with receptors

What is a Agonist?

Ligands that compete with natural hormones to bind to the receptor.

What is an Antagonist?

Neurons vs glands, short vs long distance, precise vs widespread locations, fast vs slow

What are some differences between neurotransmitters and hormones?

Protein, Steroid

What are the two types of hormones?

hydrophilic, membrane receptor, amplifies more, work through GPCRs

Some characteristics of protein hormones?

Hydrophobic, nuclear receptor,

What are some characteristics of Steroid hormone?

When number of receptors go down. (explains tapered medication)

What is down regulation?

when number of receptors increases. (explains higher sensitivity to hormones)

What is UpRegulation?

Negative, positive, feed forward

What are the three feedback systems hormones are regulated by?

Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary to endocrine gland to target cells to action.

What is the pathway for the Hypothalamic Pituitary axis-Thyroid Hormonal secretion?

Nervous system to endocrine gland to target cells to action

What is the pathway for nervous system monitors hormonal secretion? (adrenal medulla and adrenaline)

levels in plasma to endocrine gland to target cells to action.

What is the pathway for plasma level hormonal secretion?

Posterior and aterior

Main parts of the Pituitary gland?

Extension of the hypothalamus that only releases neurohormones into the bloodstream

What is the Posterior pituitary gland?

Vasopressin(antidiuretic), oxytocin(childbirth)

Some examples of hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Uses releasing hormones from hypothalamus to secrete stimulating/tropic hormones which causes target gland to secrete hormone.

What is the anterior pituitary gland?

CRH, TRH, GnRH, GnIH, Prolactin+, Prolactic-, Somatocrinin+, Somatocrinin-

what are some releasing hormones?

ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone), LH(luteinizing hormone), FSH(follicle stimulating hormone), Prolactin, GH(growth hormone)

What are some Tropic hormones?

CRH(corticotropin releasing hormone), ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone)

What are the releasing and tropic hormone for adrenal cortex and kidney?

TRH(thyrotropin releasing hormone), TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone)

What are the releasing and tropic hormones for thyroid?

GnRH(gonadotropin releasing hormone), GnIH(gonadotropin inhibiting hormone), LH(luteinizing hormone), FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)

What are the releasing and tropic hormones for testes & ovaries?

Prolactin+, Prolactin-, Prolactin

What are the releasing and tropic hormones for mammary glands?

Somatocrinin+, Somatocrinin-, GH(growth hormone)

What are the releasing and tropic hormones for bones?

Corticosteriods

What does the kidneys and adrenal cortex secrete?

thyroid hormones

What does the thyroid secrete?

Androgens(testosterone)

What does the testes secrete?

Estrogen, progestins

What does the ovaries secrete?

Cortisol?

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex for stress?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla for stress?

Goiter

what are thyroid swell called which occurs when there is no iodine?

Secrete serotonin, melatonin(circadian rhythm), regulate puberty

what does the pineal gland do?

Hypothalamus, thyroid, pituitary, pineal, testis, salivary, prostate, adrenal, ovary, mammary, thymus, parathyroid

What are the endocrine glands?