EXAM 1 EMT

Heel Bone

Calcaneus

Signs of Difficult Breathing

• accessory muscle usage

• Breathing too fast or too slow

Adequate Breathing

• Use supplemental oxygen

  • Preferred is non rebreather for one minute

  • If they refuse, use a nasal cannula and document refusal

Inadequate Breathing

• give bag valve mask (BVM)

  • if that doesn’t work, use pocket mask

Abrasion

• superficial injury; scrape

Avulsion

Tearing of tissue

Impaled Object

• went into body and stays in the body

  • Can remove it only if it’s blocking an airways or interferes with CPR

Ball Socket Joints

• most range of motion

  • Shoulder

  • Hip

Layers of the Skin

1) Epidermis (outermost layer of the skin) —> pigmentation

2) dermis (middle) —> sweat glands and hair follicles

3) Subcutaneous (innermost) —>fatty

Tourniquet

• use 2-3 inches proximal to injury but not on joint

• Used on extremities only

  • if not extremity, use single status gauze dressing

HIPAA

• health insurance portability and accountability act

  • don’t share patient info

OPA (oral pharyngeal)

• goes into mouth

• Measure using the corner of mouth to earlobe

• Or center of mouth to angle of jaw

• Enter 180 degrees and flip halfway

NPA (nasal pharyngeal)

use if patient can’t tolerate OPA because of gag reflex

• goes into nose

• Lubricate with water soluble

• Measure from tip of nose to earlobe

• Bevel facing septum

• Start with right nostril

First Step for Bleeding Control

• direct digital pressure

Duty to Act

• if you are on call and dispatched

• If you are on call and flagged down

Central Nervous System

• brain

• Spinal cord

Bandaging wounds

Don’t clean them

What two are part of both the respiratory and digestive system?

• pharynx (throat)

• epiglottis

Total Pressure in O2 Tank

• 2000-2200 PSI (pounds/in²)

Open Neck Injury

• apply pressure

• 4 sided occlusive dressing (don’t want air to cause pulmonary embolism, clot, air blockage)

• continue to hold pressure

Apneic

Absence of breathing

Oxygen with Percentages

• BVM with oxygen (90-100%)

• BVM without oxygen (21%)

• no mask (16%)

Evisceration

• when abdominal organs are protruding

  • treat with moist sterile dressing and seal with occlusive dressing

  • Treat for shock

Inhale

• chest cavity gets bigger

• Diaphragm and intercostals contract

Exhale

• chest cavity gets smaller

• Diaphragm and intercostals expand

Voluntary muscles

• Skeletal muscles

• Controlled by us

Involuntary Muscles

• smooth (GI) and cardiac muscles

• Automatic

Pathogens

Microorganisms that can cause diseases

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during one breath

Minute volume

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

Residual volume

The amount of air that remains after maximal expiration

Dead space

The amount of aid that remains in airways that didn’t participate in gas exchange

Electric shocks/lightening

Can cause respiratory and cardiac arrest

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Suction

• always suction in outward circular motion

  • up to 5 seconds for infants

  • Up to 10 seconds for child

  • Up to 15 seconds for adult

Flail chest

One side of the chest has 2 or more ribs broken in 3 or more places

Musculoskeletal system

• bones

• Muscles

• Ligaments

• Tendons

• Cartilage

PMS absent before splinting

You have one attempt to apply gentle manual traction and realign the bone

PISS

Pin index safety system

• only O2 regulator fits on the oxygen tank

Arterial Bleed

• spurting

• Bright red

Venous bleed

• dark red

• Steady flow

Capillary Bleed

• oozing

• Red to dark red

Implied consent

Unconscious patient would you to help them

Perfusion

Ensuring cells have enough oxygen

• Hypo perfusion= shock

Perfusion triangle

• blood

• Heart

• Vessel

Filled by oxygen

Treat dry chemical

• brush off

• Then flush for 20 minutes

Treat wet chemical

• wash off

• Then flush for 20 mins

Stress management

Debriefing helps speed up recovery

Stages of Shock

• compensated

  • agitated, anxiety, vitals speed up

• Decompensated

  • lose consciousness and lose pulse

• Irreversible shock

  • if decompensated shock is not treated

• Death

Drop in blood pressure is a late sign of shock

CPR check

should be done in 5-10 seconds

Larynx

Voice box

Pharynx

Throat

Conscious choking

• use abdominal thrusts/heimlich

Unconscious choking

• modified CPR

  • No pulse check; Start with 30 compressions

Proximal

Close to core

Distal

Away from core

Chest wound

• 4 sided occlusive dressing

  • if harder to breathe, make flutter valve

Priapism

Erection due to spinal injury

Spinal zip code

712554

• 7 (cervical)

• 12 (thoracic)

• 5 (lumbar)

• 5 (sacrum)

• 4 (coccyx)

Splinting

• make sure to immobilize the entire extremity

Sign that ventilation is working

Chest rise

Labored breathing

Using accessory muscles

Ways to open airway

• head tilt chin lift (no spinal injury)

• Jaw thrust (suspect spinal injury)

Function of skin

Secretion, protection, temperature control

MOI

Mechanism of injury

• force causing damage to body

Cyanotic

Blue (lack of oxygen)

Nervous System

Central and peripheral

Tongue

Most common airway obstruction

• causes snoring sounds

Fluid blocking airway

Gurgling sound

Stop spread of infection

Hand washing with soap and water

Cardiovascular system

Heart, blood, vessels

Surface for CPR

Hard, flat surface

Pupils Dilate

get bigger

Good Samaritan laws

• acting legally within your range of practice

• Acting in good faith and correctly

• Not for compensation

• Off duty