chapter 7

A __________ distinguishes between a macronutrient and a micronutrient.

macronutrient

The 4 most abundant elements in living matter are __________, __________, __________, and __________.

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Some common micronutrients include __________ and __________.

vitamins and minerals

An __________ molecule is defined by the presence of carbon atoms covalently bonded to other atoms.

organic

Carbon dioxide would __________ be considered an organic molecule because it does not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond.

not

A __________ is a large molecule necessary for life, made from smaller organic molecules called monomers.

biomolecule

The most abundant element in biomolecules is __________.

carbon

An atom of carbon can form __________ chemical bonds.

four

An __________ is a compound with the same molecular formula as another compound but a different structure.

isomer

A __________ is a group of atoms within a molecule that influences how that molecule behaves chemically.

functional group

A __________ is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits (monomers).

macromolecule

A __________ is a single subunit, while a __________ is a chain of those subunits.

monomer, polymer

The 4 major types of macromolecules are __________, __________, __________, and __________.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

The word ending that signifies a sugar molecule is __________.

-ose

A molecule of glucose has __________ carbon atoms.

six

A __________ bond joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.

glycosidic

The 3 major types of polysaccharides are __________, __________, and __________.

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Each type of polysaccharide is used for storage and structure; for example, starch is used in plants for __________ storage.

energy

A __________ is a type of biomolecule that is hydrophobic and does not dissolve in water.

lipid

Common functions of lipids include __________ and __________.

energy storage, signaling

A fatty acid chain is characterized by a __________ backbone with a carboxylic acid group at one end.

hydrocarbon

A fatty acid is __________ because it repels water.

hydrophobic

An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more __________ bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, while a saturated fatty acid has no double bonds.

double

A __________ is formed by the combination of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.

triglyceride

Major functions of triglycerides include __________ and __________.

energy storage, insulation

A phospholipid is characterized by a __________ head and two __________ tails.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Phospholipids are __________, which means they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

amphipathic

This amphipathic property contributes to the formation of a __________ bilayer in cell membranes.

phospholipid

Steroids have a __________ structure characterized by four fused carbon rings.

steroid

A __________ is a specific type of steroid that has a hydroxyl functional group.

sterol

Cholesterol is a well-known type of __________ that plays an important role in cellular membranes.

sterol

A __________ bond joins two amino acids together in a protein.

peptide

The two functional groups involved in forming this bond are __________ and __________ groups.

amine, carboxyl

A __________ is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

polypeptide

A __________ is a polypeptide that has folded into a functional three-dimensional shape.

protein

Important functions of proteins include __________, __________, and __________ in the cell.

catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules, providing structure

Primary structure refers to the __________ of amino acids in a protein.

sequence

If the sequence of amino acids was changed, it could lead to __________ of the protein's function.

loss or alteration

Secondary structure refers to the local folding of the polypeptide chain into __________ or __________.

alpha helices, beta sheets

Tertiary structure reflects the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein which is crucial for its __________.

function

Quaternary structure involves the assembly of two or more __________ into a larger functional protein.

polypeptides

Not all proteins have quaternary structure; proteins with just one polypeptide strand are in __________ structure.

tertiary

A protein is in its native state when it is in its __________ conformation and capable of performing its function.

functional

A protein might denature due to changes in __________, __________, or high __________.

temperature, pH, salt concentration

Denaturation can lead to __________ in the protein's structure and function.

loss of activity