Nutrition Module 4

vitamins

organic micronutrient; digestion/ absoprtion/ metabolism/ regulation

essential vitamins

13

organic compound

body unable to make; defiency results in declining health

enrichment

adding nutrients back to product

fortification

supplementing product w/ additional vitamins

fat soluble vitamins

A/D/E/K; dependent on fat for absoprtion

function of performed vitamin A

vision, immunity, growth/development, disease prevention; retinol/retinal

performed vitamin A sources

animal products

performed vitamin A deficiency

night blindness; xenopthalmia (abnormal dryness)

function of provitamin A

precusors, antioxidants; carotenoids

provitamin A sources

yellow, orange, red, green/leafy vegetables

carotedndomia

skin changes w/ excess carotenoid consumption

vitamin D

vitamin, hormone

function of ergocalciferol

calcium regulation, immune system

ergocalciferol sources

synthetic, supplements

ergocalciferol defiency

Rickets (children w/ bowed legs); osteomalacia (soft bones)

cholecalciferol function

muscle/ BP

cholecalciferol sources

human body, fatty fish, eggs, yogurt

cholecalciferol defiency

osteoporosis (decreased bone mass)

vitamin E

tocopherol

alpha vitamin E

antioxidant; most biologically active

gamma vitamin E

anti-aging, immunity, heart health; hemolysis (defiency)

vitamin K

disappears w/i 24 hours

function of vitamin K

blood clotting, bone formation, muscle

vitamin K sources

oils, plants, fish, meat, synthesized in gut

at risk for vitamin K deficiency

infants, older adults, antibiotic use

water soluble vitamins

B, C; absorbed in bloodstream

thiamine/B-1 function

coenzyme (release of energy from carbs/ metabolism of glucose)

thiamine/B-1 sources

pork, legumes, milk, organge juice, whole/enriched grains

thiamine/B-1 deficiency

beri beri (dry/NS, wet/cardiovascular)

riboflavin/B-2 function

coenzyme (energy/vitamin/mineral metabolism, antioxidant)

riboflavin/B-2 sources

enriched grains, meat, eggs, milk

riboflavin/B-2 deficiency

ariboflavinosis (glossitis/inflammation of tongue, cheliosis, cracking around mouth)

niacin/B-3 function

coenzyme (carb/protein/fat), treats high cholesterol; nicotinic acid, nicotinamide

niacin/B-3 sources

meat, enriched breakfast cereal, poultry, fish, nuts

niacin/B-3 deficiency

pellagra (rough skin, dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death)

pantothenic acid function

CoA; FA production, release of energy

pantothenic acid sources

chicken, pork, fish eggs, yogurt, legumes, avacados, sweet potatoes

biotin function

production of glucose, FAs, DNA

biotin sources

cauliflower, liver, peanuts, liver, egg yolks, cooked eggs

pyridoxine/B-6 function

AA metabolism, production of WBC/hemoglobin

pyridoxine/B-6 source

supplement

pyridoxine/B-6 deficiency

microcytic hemochromic anemia

pyridoxine/B-6 excess

numbness in extremities, nerve damage

folate/ folic acid function

CoA; DNA synthesis, metabolism

folate/ folic acid sources

meat, fish, eggs/milk, green leafy vegetables, orange juice, legumes, fortified grains

folate/ folic acid deficiency

megalobastic/macriytic anemia; pregnancy (neural tube defects); depression/mental confusion

vitamin B-12 function

converts folate; homocysteine metabolism

vitamin B-12 sources

animal products; intrinsic factor enhances; shot for elderely

vitamin B-12 deficiency

megaloblastic anemia; pernicious anemia

vitamin C function

collagen synthesis, antioxidant, iron absorption, immunity; absorpic acid in small intestines

vitamin C sources

citrus fruits, strawberries, potatoes, brocolli

vitamin C deficiency

scurvy

water

50-70% of body; 10 gallons

solvent

dissolves substances

intracellular

potassium, phosphate

extraceullar

sodium, chloride

perspiration

sweating; prevents overheating

urine

production dependent on protein (urea)/ sodium intake

decrease foods/ fluids

decreased urine/ increased risk of kidney stones

9 cups of fluid alone; 11 cups of fluid

women

13 cups fluid alone/ 15 cups of fluid

men

ADH

pituitary gland; signals kidneys to conserve water, decreased urine output

aldosterone

adrenal glands; signals kidneys to retain sodium, decreased urine output

excess water consumption

dilutes blood electrolytes (hyponatremia), overwhelms kidneys, death

minerals

inorganic micronutrient; stucture/function

bioavailibility

degree which nutrient is absorvbed/available

mineral source

animal > plants; plant fiber may inhibit absoprtion

oxalic acid

dark leafy green vegetables; decreases absorption

fiber-mineral interaction

decreases absoprtion of zinc, iron

phytic acid/phytate

grains; decreases absorption

mineral-mineral interactions

Mg, Fe, Cu; same size/ charge compete

vitamin mineral interaction

Fe/vitamin D, Ca/vitamin D

major minerals

Na, K, Cl, P, Mg; >100 mg

sodium (Na) function

extracellular fluid; nerve impulse transmission

sodium (Na)

1500-2300mg; DASH diet

potassium (K) function

intracellular fluid, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction; decreases BP

potassium (K) sources

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy

potassium (K)

2500 mg

potassium (K) deficiency

muscle cramps, confusions, cardiac arrhythmias

chlorine (Cl) function

extracellular fluid, immunity, hydrochloric acid

chlorine (Cl) sources

fruits, vegetables, NaCl

calcium (Ca) function

teeth/bone structure, clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction

calcium (Ca)

dependent on acidic small intestine/ vitamin D

enhances calcium (Ca) absorption

PTH, glucose, lactose, infancy, pregnancy

inhibits calcium (Ca) absorption

phytic acid, phosphorus, vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, old age

calcium (Ca) source

1000-1200mg; dark leafy greens/ vegetables/ tofu

phosphorus (P) function

bone (85%), ATP/DNA/RNA/phospholipids

phosphorus (P) source

1000 mg; meat, cheese, grains

magnesium (Mg) function

bone (60%), ATP/DNA/RNA, enzymatic rxns

magnesium (Mg) sources

plants, milk, meat

magnesium (Mg) deficiency

arhthymia, weakness, muscle pain, seizure

trace minerals

Fe, Zn, Se, I, Cu, F, Cr, Mn, B, Ni, Ar, Si; < 100 mg

iron (Fe)

hemoglobin

heme Fe

hemoglobin, myoglobin, muscle cells; red meat, poultry, seafood

non-heme Fe

elemental; vegetables, milk, eggs

deficient/growth/pregnancy

Fe absorption increases

high fiber, Zn, pica

decreases Fe absorption

anemia

decreasedhemoglobin; pale skim, fatigue, weakness, poor temp regulation, poor appetitie

at risk for anemia

preschoolers, teens, pregnant