Comparative Animal Physiology Exam 3

Animal distributions can vary based on __________ due to its physiological effects on animals

Temperature

Animals can be found with body temperatures between __________. No single species can survive over _____________

1. -1.8 C to 50 C

2. This entire range

Animal distributions can vary based on __________ due to its physiological effects on animals

Temperature

Animals can be found with body temperatures between __________. No single species can survive over _____________

1. -1.8 C to 50 C

2. This entire range

-1.8 C is when _______ freezes.

Seawater

Animals that have a variable body temperature

Poikilotherms

Animals that have a constant body temperature

Homeotherms

Body temperature dependent on external heat sources

Ectotherms

Body temperature primarily dependent on internally generated metabolic heat

Endotherm

_________ is a measure of the intensity of _________ energy present in a system. It’s also a measure of average ______ energy.

1. Temperature

2. Heat

3. Kinetic

______ is a form of energy. It will flow from high temperature to low temperature

Heat

Temperature of an animal, ectotherm OR endotherm, depends on the ________________ of tissue.

amount of heat per unit mass

1. Equation for change in body heat.

2. heat production = ____________

1. heat produced + (heat gained - heat lost) OR heat produced + heat transferred

2. metabolic rate

Type of energy that is the energy of motion of the atoms and molecules of which matter is composed

Thermal energy

Heat transfer with surrounding environment occurs by (4):

1. conduction

2. convection

3. radiation

4. evaporation

Heat transfer by the direct contact between two bodies is called:

Conduction

Heat transfer by the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) is called:

Convection

The loss or gain of heat by the emission of electromagnetic radiation - usually in the IR wavelengths is called:

Radiation

Water loss carries with it heat loss (latent heat of vaporization) is called:

Evaporation

Factors influencing heat transfer (3):

• Surface area

• Specific heat of conductance

• Temperature difference

Surface area per unit _______ with ______ in body mass

1. decreases

2. increases

Small animals have a ______ heat influx with environment per unit body weight

high

The closer an animal is to its _____________ the less transfer of _________ will occur

1. ambient temperature

2. heat

Ectotherms have (4):

• reliance on environmental heat sources

• lower metabolic rates

• high thermal conductance

• temp. regulation by behavioral thermoregulation

Ectotherms generally have ________ metabolic rates compared with endothers

lower

Ectotherms have ______ thermal conductance

high

Ecotherms may regulate temperature by _______________

behavioral thermoregulation

Benefits of Ectothermy (4):

• Less energy spent on heat production

• Require less food

• Need less water

• Can be small

Costs of Ectothermy (5):

• Must find a suitable environment

• Limited temperature range

• Limitations on the duration of bursts of high energy output

• Development of oxygen debt

• Lower aerobic metabolism

Endotherms generally have ______ metabolic rates

higher

Endotherms have _______ thermal conductance

low

In mammals and birds core body temperature is ______ regulated

Closely (physiological thermoregulation)

Benefits of Endothermy (3):

• Maintain high & constant body temperature

• Function over wider range of temperatures

• Higher rates of aerobic metabolism that permit sustained periods of intense activity

Costs of Endothermy (4);

• Must have high rate of food & water intake

• More susceptible to dehydration

• Small-size problematic due to surface area:volume ratio

• Smaller % of energy intake used for growth & reproduction

Acute Responses

Short term & immediate

Chronic Responses

• Prolonged time period

• Acclimation & acclimatization

Evolutionary responses

Adaptation of populations over generations

What are the 3 timescales?

• Acute

• Chronic

• Evolutionary

All chemical reaction rates are ________ dependent on temperature

highly

As temperature _________, the reaction rate of an ________ reaction initially ________

1. increases

2. enzyme-catalyzed

3. increases

At higher temperatures, the enzyme may be inactivated by _________

Denaturation

Effect of temperature or the rate of some process can be described by the ________________

temperature quotient (Q10)

Temperature Quotient Equation

Q10 = Rate at some temp./Rate at 10°C lower temp.

Q10 values for most physiologically and biochemically relevant processes range from

1 to 4 (most 2 to 3)

The temperature effect on enzymes results in the metabolic rate of an animal _________ exponentially with ___________

1. increasing

2. body temperature