Criminal Justice Final Exam Study Guide

Crime Index

an statistical estimate of crimes committed

Parole

supervised monitored release of prisoners before sentence is up

Dark Figure of Crime

the number of crimes not officially reported by police

Felonies

serious offenses punishable by confinement/more than one year

Jurisdiction

a political defined geographical area (restricts the range of police)

Probable Cause

stronger standard of proof/evidence, more likely than not

Criminal Justice: The System

always includes a combination of Police, Courts, and Corrections

Juvenile Delinquency

a special category of defense created for young defenders, ( 7-18 )

Negligence

the failure to take responsible precautions to prevent harm

Status Offence

an act that is illegal for a juvenile, but would not be illegal for adults

The primary role of institutions of social control is to

persuade people to abide by dominant values of society

The institution of social control that is considered society’s “last line of defense” is

Criminal Justice

The Criminal Justice is response begins when

a crime is reported to Police

If a suspect is being charged with a misdemeanor, a prosecutor will prepare a

complaint

The standard of proof that requires evidence sufficient to make a reasonable person believe that, more likely than not, the proposed action is justified, is

probable cause

The stage at which a defendant enters a plea is the

arraignment

About 90 percent of all criminal cases are resolved through

plea bargaining

Judges are limited and guided in sentencing decisions by

*all the above

• Statutory provisions

• prevailing philosophical rationales

• organizational considerations

The stage at which a defendant is given formal notice of the charges against him and advised of his constitutional right is the

initial appearance

A case involving a misdemeanor may be settled by a summary trial, which is

is an immediate trial without a jury

The term ____ refers to criminal conduct — specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm

actus reus

If a person does not want to commit a crime but is forced to do so against his or her will, he or she committed the crime

under duress

Which of the following tests of insanity did attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt, who sliced off her husband’s penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping, successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia Trial?

The irresistible impulse or control test

People are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crime if they are

*all of the above

• forced to commit a criminal act

• coerced to commit a criminal act

• entrapped

Three of the following are reasons that explain the inaccuracy of o

cial crime statistics. Which one does NOT belong?

They only include respondents who have been victimized within the last 12 months

Crimes that are NOT officially recorded by the police are called:

the dark figure of crime

The practice of counting only the most serious offense in a multiple-crime event is a feature of the:

uniform crime report

The ______ is/are a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States

uniform crime report

A(n) ____ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult, such as truancy or running away from home

status offense

Perhaps the greatest and most important difference between the NIBRS and UCR is that the NIBRS:

contains more data on each crime, making it possible to examine crimes in much more detail

The role expectation for police officers is consistent across America:

different in different communities depending on the culture of the community

The most common calls that police offcers are asked to respond to are:

disturbance calls, including family quarrel

According to John Broderick, police officers who emphasize due process, with little priority given to social order are characterized as:

optimists

According to William Muir’s styles of policing, an enforcer is an enforcer is an officer who:

has a passion for responding to human problems but does not recognize limits on his power to resolve those problems

The backbone of a police department is generally considered to be:

patrol

Historically, police officers patrolled with little direction, being “systematically unsystematic.” This is a strategy known as:

preventive patrol

Which of the following has not been found to be a benefit of having officers on foot patrol?

Measurable reduction in crime

Many police officers want to become detectives because:

detectives work steady hours, often with weekends off

Detectives assigned to property crimes such as burglary and auto theft:

solve less than 20 percent of crime reported

A development in criminal investigation that has the possibility of clearing convicted rapists years after conviction, or of helping police solve old cases is:

DNA profiling

An important function of traffic units in police agencies is:

*all of the above

• to educate motorists about traffic safety and proper driving procedures

• to enforce traffic laws

• to recommend traffic engineering changes that will enhance the flow of traffic and promote safety

A finding that helped promote greater use of community policing was that:

*all the above

• response time was unrelated to the probability of making an arrest

• the traditional use of preventive patrol failed to prevent crime

• the probability of arrest is determined largely by information that patrol officers obtain at the crime

Which of the following is not an activity that patrol officers engage in under community policing?

Maintaining centralized authority structure

Your textbook describes four characteristics that generally defne the role of the police. Three are listed below. Which one is NOT described in your textbook?

The Police perform ongoing educational roles in community

Criminal investigation has been defined as a lawful search of people and things to achieve three of the following goals. Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of criminal investigation?

Conduct preventive patrol to ferret out crime

With DNA profiling, a unique genetic profile can be derived from ____ found at the scene of a crime or on a victim

*all the above

• hair

• semen

• blood

The knowledge to carry out cybercrimes is readily available at hacker:

*all the above

• chat rooms

• message boards

• websites

One of the interesting findings of foot patrol research was that foot patrol officers were better able to deal with:

annoyances - rowdy youths, panhandlers, and abandoned car – that

initiate citizens

With community policing:

citizen share responsibility for their community’s safety

According to Herbert Packer, traditional conservative values are reflected in the model of criminal justice known as the:

Crime Control Model

According to Herbert Packer, when politically liberal views are dominant in society, the operation of the criminal justice system will tend to be dominated by the:

due process model

Under Herbert Packer’s crime control model, the most important function of criminal justice is:

the control of criminal behavior

The model that Herbert Packer referred to as “obstacle-course justice” is:

due process model

Under Herbert Packer’s due process model, in order for a person to be held guilty of a crime:

*all the above

• they must be shown to be factually guilty

• the person’s factual guilt must be shown in a criminal trial

• a defendant must be tried with all procedural rules, or due-process rights, in place to protect them from a miscarriage of justice

If the future of law enforcement involves fewer limitations on how the Police attempt to combat crime, you could assume that the prevailing thought would be the:

crime control model

If the Supreme Court were to overturn Miranda V. Arizona, this would be a signal that the criminal justice system had embraced the:

crime control model

A Supreme Court ruling barring suspects from waiving their Miranda rights would be a signal that the criminal justice system had embraced the:

due process model

People who argue for the abolition of the grand jury could be characterized as:

due process enthusiasts

Due process model supporters argue that:

pretrial detention should be used sparingly if at all

The right to appeal

*all of the above

• would likely be curtailed if the crime control model dominates

• would likely be expanded if the due process model dominates

• impedes the efficient operation of the administration of justice, according to crime control advocates

Gene Stephens advocates a process called “participatory justice,” which integrates:

mediation and arbitration

The primary goal of restorative justice is to:

*all the above

• restore the health of the community

• meet victims’ needs

• repair the harm done

Scholars predict that by using alternatives to incarceration, society will:

not prevent the need to build hundreds of new jails and prisons