HIST 105 Bach Exam 3 Final Review

Redeemers

A loose coalition of prewar Democrats, Confederate veterans, and Whigs who took over southern state governments in the 1870s, supposedly "redeeming" them from the corruption of Reconstruction. They shared a commitment to white supremacy and laissez-faire economics

Vesey Conspiracy

An unsuccessful 1822 plot to burn Charleston, South Carolina, and initiate a general slave revolt, led by a free African American, Denmark Vesey

Underground Railroad

A network of safe houses organized by abolitionist (usually free blacks) to help slaves escape to the North or Canada

yeoman

Southern small landholders who owned no slaves and who lived primarily in the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains. They were self reliant and grew mixed crops, although they usually did not produce a substantial amount to be sold on the market.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817, the society advocated the relocation of free blacks and freed slaves to African colony of Monrovia, present day Liberia.

Second Great Awakening

Evangelical Protestant revivals that swept over America in the early nineteenth century.

temperance movement

Temperance - moderation or abstention in the consumption of alcoholic beverages - attracted many advocates in the early nineteenth century

abolitionist movement

Reform movement dedicated to the immediate and unconditional end of slavery in the United States

Seneca Falls Convention

An 1848 gathering of women's rights advocates that culminated in the adoption of a Declaration of Sentiments demanding voting and property rights for women

Manifest Destiny

Coined in 1845, this term referred to a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on the belief that the United States should expand to encompass all of North America

Alamo

In 1835, Americans living in Mexican-ruled Texas fomented a revolution. Mexico lost the resulting conflict, but not before its troops defeated and killed a group of American rebels at the Alamo, a fortified mission in San Antonio

Mexican-American War

War between the United States and Mexico after the U.S. annexation of Texas. As victor, the United States acquired vast new territories from Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Signed in 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico relinquished its claims to Texas and ceded an additional 500,000 square miles to the United States for $15 million

popular sovereignty

The concept that the settlers of a newly organized territory had the right to decide (through voting) whether to accept slavery.

Fugitive Slave Law

Passed in 1850, this federal law made it easier for slaveowners to recapture runaway slaves; it also made it easier for kidnappers to take free blacks. The law became an object of hatred in the North

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This 1854 act repealed the Missouri Compromise, split the Louisiana Purchase into two territories, and allowed its settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty

Ostend Manifesto

Written by American diplomats in 1854, this secret memorandum urged acquiring Cuba by any means necessary. Whe . it became public, Northerners claimed it was a plot to extend slavery, and the manifesto was disavowed

Cooperationists

Southerners in 1860 who advocated secession by the South as a whole rather than unilateral secession by each state

Crittenden compromise

Introduced by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden in 1861 in an attempt to prevent secession and civil war, it would have extended the Missouri Compromise line west to the Pacific

greenbacks

Paper currency issued by the Union during the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed that the slaves of the Confederacy were free. Since the South had not yet been defeated, the proclamation did not immediately free anyone, but it made emancipation an explicit war aim of the North

Copperheads

Northern Democrats suspected of being indifferent or hostile to the Union cause in the Civil War

Sanitary Commission

An association chartered by the government during the Civil War to promote health in the northern army's camps through cleanliness, nutrition, and medical care

Radical Republicans

Congressional Republicans who insisted on black suffrage and federal protection of civil rights of African Americans

Wade-Davis Bill

In 1864, Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill to counter Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction. The bill required that a majority of a former Confederate state's white male population take a loyalty oath and guarantee equality for African Americans. President Lincoln pocket-vetod the bill

13th Amendment

Ratified in 1865, it prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude

Black Code

Laws passed by southern states immediately after the Civil War to maintain white supremacy by restricting the rights of the newly freed slaves

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868, it provided citizenship to ex slaves after the Civil War and constitutionally protected equal rights under the law for all citizens. Radical Republicans used it to enact congressional Reconstruction policy in the former Confederate states

Radical Reconstruction

The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into five military districts. They required the states to guarantee black male suffrage and to ratify the 14th Amendment as a condition of their readmission to the Union

sharecropping

After the civil War, the southern states adopted a sharecropping system as a compromise between former slaves who wanted land f their own and former slave owners who needed labor . The landowners provided land, tools, and seed to a farming family, who in turn provided labor. The resulting crop was divided between them, with the farmers receiving a "share" of one-third to one-half of the crop

15th Amendment

Ratified in 1870, it prohibits the denial or abridgment of the right to vote by the federal or state governments on the basis of race, color, or prior condition as a slave. it was intended to guarantee African Americans the right to vote in the South

Force Acts

Designed to protect black voters in the South from the KKK in 1870-71, these laws placed state elections under federal jurisdiction and imposed fines and punished those guilty or interfering with any citizen exercising his right to vote

Compromise of 1877

Compromise struck during the contested presidential election of 1876, in which democrats accepted the election of Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction

Jim Crow laws

Segregation laws enacted by southern states after Reconstruction