3. Grammer

Nouns

are used to describe

• person

• place

• thing

• idea

Nouns can be ideas ( something MENTAL )

why?

because we can NAME them!

( If you can name it, even just in your , it’s probably a noun )

examples

“Stress” = a feeling you can name ➡ noun

“Friendship” = an idea you can name ➡ noun

2 main types of nouns?

1. _____ noun

2. _____ noun

1. Common noun

2. Proper noun

Nouns can also be

1._______

2._______

1. Abstract ( general )

2. Concrete ( specific )

Common Nouns

are

generic names for

• people

• places

• things

Common nouns _____ capitalized

Common nouns are not capitalized

common noun examples

people: boy , girl , worker , manager

places : school , bank , library , home

things : dog , cat, truck , car

Proper Nouns

will

name specific

• people

• places

• things

Proper nouns _____ capitalized

Proper nouns are capitalized

proper noun examples

people: Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr.

places: Los Angeles, California ; New York

things: Statue of Liberty

note

when referring the planet we live on = Earth

when referring to dirt, rocks, land = earth

General Nouns

are

names of conditions or ideas

Condition

describes the

qualities that exist about someone/something

that we cannot physically hold

General Noun for Condition

example

• beauty ( state of being beautiful )

• strength ( state of being strong )

Idea

describes the

concepts or beliefs in our minds that we mentally feel ( not physically )

General Noun for Idea

example

• peace ( concept of harmony )

• truth ( concept of honesty )

• justice ( concept of fairness )

Specific Nouns

will

name

• people

• places

• things

that are understood by our senses

( see, touch, hear, smell )

Specific Nouns

example

people : baby , friend, father

places : town , park , city hall

things : rainbow, cough , apple, silk, gasoline

Collective Nouns

are

names for a group of

• people

• places

• things

that may act as a whole

Collective Noun

examples

• class

• team

• public

• dozen

• group

• herd

Collective Nouns

usually require an

Article that indicates the noun as a single unit

example

A choir is a group of singers.

even though there are many singers

choir is grammatically treated as a

single unit

if we refer to the members of the group and not the group itself

→ it is no longer a collective noun

correct or incorrect?

The choir are going to compete nationally this year.

incorrect

correct or incorrect?

The choir is going to compete nationally this year.

correct

correct or incorrect?

The members of the choir is competing nationally this year.

incorrect

correct or incorrect?

The members of the choir are competing nationally this year.

correct

Pronouns

are

words that stand in for nouns

7 Ways to Classify Pronouns

1.____

2.____

3.____

4.____

5.____

6.____

7.____

1. Personal

2. Intensive

3. Relative

4. Interrogative

5. Demonstrative

6. Indefinite

7. Reciprocal

Personal Pronouns Subdivisions include

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

1. Nominative

2. Objective

3. Possessive

Nominative Personal Pronouns

are for

nouns or pronouns that are the subject of a sentence ( doing the action )

Nominative Personal Pronouns

example

• She runs fast.

• He runs fast.

• It runs fast.

• They run fast.

• We run fast.

• I run fast.

• You run fast.

Objective Personal Pronouns

are for

nouns or pronouns that are an object jn a sentence ( receiving the action )

Objective Personal Pronouns

example

• The baker called me.

• This cake is for you.

• She hugged him / her / it.

• I gave the cake to them.

Quick way to think about it:
👉 Subject does it. Object gets it.
(subject = nominative, object = objective!)

Possessive Personal Pronouns

are

nouns or pronouns that show possession or ownership ( belongs to someone )

Possessive Personal Pronouns

examples

• That is my / your / his / her cookie

• That is mines / yours / hers pie

• That is its donut

Intensive Pronouns

will

emphasize a noun or pronoun

examples

• I myself

• You yourself

• He himself

• She herself

• The ( thing ) itself

• We ourselves

• You yourself

• They themselves

Intensive Pronouns

sentence example

I made this whole cake myself.

Relative Pronouns

will

connect a clause ( phrase ) to a noun/pronoun

examples

• which

• who

• whom

• whose

Relative Pronouns

sentence example

The student who studies hard will pass.

Interrogative Pronouns

will

ask questions

examples

• what

• which

• who

• whom

• whose

Interrogative Pronouns

sentence example

Which flavor do you prefer?

Demonstrative Pronouns

will

point to specific things

examples

• this

• that

• these

• those

Demonstrative Pronouns

sentence example

These are my favorite yogurt toppings.

Indefinite Pronouns

will

refer to nonspecific people or things

examples

• all

• any

• each

• everyone

• either/neither

• one

• some

• several

Indefinte Pronouns

sentence example

Someone left their book here.

Reciprocal Pronouns

will

show a mutual action or relationship

examples

• each other

• one another

Indefinte Pronouns

sentence example

They hugged each other after the game.

If you want to write a sentence you need a

verb

Verbs

shows

• Action

• State of Being

Action

means

something is happening

example

She runs fast.

( jump, drive, think )

State of Being

means

something is a certain way

example

He is tired.

( are, was, seem, feel )

Transitive Verb

is a

verb whose action DOES indicates a receiver

Transitive Verb

sentence example

• She plays the piano.

• John joined the crowd.

Intransitive Verb

is a

verb whose action DOES NOT indicate a receiver

Intransitive Verb

sentence example

• He slept.

• Sharon collapsed.

Action Verbs

will

show what the subject is doing ( their action )

true or false

Action Verbs can be an entire sentence.

true

Action Verb

examples

• He sings.

• Run!

• Go!

• I talk with him everyday

• She reads.

Linking Verbs

will

link the subject of a sentence to a

• noun

• pronoun

• adjective

that DESCRIBES the subject

( connects the subject of a sentence to more information about that subject )

common linking words

• appear

• be

• become

• feel

• grow

• look

• seem

• smell

• sound

• taste

true or false

Linking Verbs can be an entire sentence.

false

Linking Verb

examples

• I am John.

  ( I = subject )( John = noun )

• That soup smells good.

  ( soup = subject )( good = adjective - describes the smell )

• Shirley felt tired.

  ( Shirley = subject )( tired = adjective - describes the feeling )

note

Phasal Verbs

are

verbs with extra words that look like prepositions ( shows where or when )

but they actually belong to the verb and change it’s meaning

prepostion examples

• The cat is on the table

  ( shows place )

• We walked after lunch

  ( shows time )

• She went through the door

  ( shows direction )

Phrasal Verbs

examples

• drop off

• look up

• call off

Transitive Verbs

come in active or passive ______

voice

Active Voice

is when

the subject of the sentence is doing the action

Active Voice

example

Jon drew the picture

_{(The subject Jon is doing the action of drawing a picture)}

Passive Voice

is when

the subject is being acted upon

( receiving the action )

Passive Voice

example

The picture is drawn by Jon.

_{( The subject picture is receiving the action from Jon )}

A Verb Tense

will

tweak the form of a verb to

indicate the time of an action

( when it happened )

examples

• I eat (present)

• I ate (past)

• I will eat (future)

an action in the present ( I talk ) can change form to for the past ( I talked ) by itself

many other tense changes need

Auxiliary ( Helping ) Verbs

Auxiliary ( Helping ) Verbs

are

words that help change tense form

( so that it makes sense )

Auxiliary ( Helping ) Verbs

examples

• am - are - is

• have - has - had

• was - were - will - shall

6 Verb Tenses?

• ______

• ______

• ______

• ______

• ______

• ______

• Past

• Present

• Future

• Perfect Past

• Perfect Present

• Perfect Future

Perfect ( when talking about verb tenses ) means the action is

Completed / Finished

( before the time word it’s connected to )

Present

means the action ( verb )

happens at the current time

example

He walks to the store every morning.

To show that something is happening right now we use the

progressive present tense

( am/is/are + a verb ending in -ing )

example

I am walking.

Past

means the action ( verb )

happened in the past

example

He walked to the store an hour ago.

Future

means the action ( verb )

is going to happen later

example

I will walk to the store.

Present Perfect

means the action ( verb )

• started to complete in the past

  ( before the present )

  and

• continues into the present

  _{( or took place previously at an unspecified time )}

example

I HAVE walked to the store three times today.

Past Perfect

means the

• second action was completed in the past

• first action came before the second

example

Before I walked to the store ( Action 2 ), I HAD walked to the library.

Future Perfect

means the

action was completed before a future moment

example

When she comes for the supplies ( future moment ), I WILL HAVE walked to the store.( action completed before the future moment )

Changing the form of a verb is called

Conjugating

_{“conjugating a verb”}

3 Key Forms of a Verb

1. Singular, Present Tense ( dream )

2. Singular, Past Tense ( dreamed )

3. Past Participle ( have dreamed )

notice

Past Participle needed an

auxiliary ( helping ) verb

to make it’s verb tense make sense

example

I have dreamed of this day.

some different ways to

conjugate ( change forms ) of a verb

Adjectives

are

words used to

modify ( describe or add detail to )

a noun or pronoun

Adjectives

answer the questions of

• Which one?

• What kind?

• How many?

Which one?

example

The third dress is my favorite.

What kind?

example

This dress is navy blue.

How many?

example

I am going to buy four pairs of shoes to match the dress.

note

adjectives

• usually come

  before the words they modify

• sometimes are

  after a linking verb

Articles

are

adjectives used to distinguish nouns as

• Definite Noun

• Indefinite Noun

Definite Nouns

are

nouns that DO indicate a specific

• person

• place

• thing

• idea

Definite Nouns

go after the article

the

Definite Noun

example sentence

I lost the bottle that belongs to me.