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Extractive industries
Industries that remove natural resources like oil, gas, or minerals.
Extractivism
Economic model focused on large-scale natural resource extraction.
Land grabbing
Large-scale land acquisition, often displacing local communities.
Enclosure
Privatization of common land, pushing people off shared resources.
Commons
Resources shared and used collectively (like pastures, forests).
The Tragedy of the Commons
Overuse of shared resources due to individual self-interest.
Property
Legal/social ownership rights over land or resources.
Community Land Trust
Community-owned land held for public or affordable use.
The MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra)
Brazilian landless workers' movement fighting for land rights.
Capitalism
Economic system of private ownership, market exchange, and profit.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Areas with special trade and tax rules to attract investment.
Uneven Development
Unequal economic growth between places or regions.
Urban renewal
Redevelopment projects that often displace marginalized communities.
Urban informality
Unregulated, informal activities or settlements in cities.
Splintering urbanism
Fragmentation of cities due to uneven infrastructure access.
Right to the city
Idea that all people should help shape and access urban spaces.
Planetary urbanism
Understanding that urban processes now shape the entire planet.
City
A dense, built-up urban settlement.
Norman Borlaug
Scientist known as the 'father of the Green Revolution.'
The Green Revolution
Introduction of high-yield crops, fertilizers, and irrigation worldwide.
Food systems
The network of food production, distribution, and consumption.
Agroecology
Sustainable farming based on ecological principles.
Food security
Having reliable access to sufficient, nutritious food.
Food sovereignty
The right of people to control their own food systems.
Via Campesina
International peasant movement advocating food sovereignty.
Organic
produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial agents
Commodity
A product or raw material sold and traded in markets.
Commodity Chains
The sequence from raw material to finished product to consumer.
Bioprospecting
Searching ecosystems for commercially useful biological resources.
Marronage
Formation of autonomous communities by escaped enslaved people.
Climate
Long-term weather patterns in a region.
Climate Change
Long-term global shifts in temperature and weather, often due to human activity.
Global Warming
Increase in average global temperatures from greenhouse gases.
Climate System
Interactions between earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land.
Climate Variability
Natural changes in climate over time.
Climate forcings
Factors like greenhouse gases that push the climate system toward change.
Urban Heat Island
Urban areas that are warmer than surrounding countryside.
Albedo
How much sunlight a surface reflects (ice has high albedo; asphalt low).
Climate vulnerability
How sensitive people or ecosystems are to climate impacts.
Climate justice
Fair distribution of climate change burdens and benefits.
Anthropocene
Proposed era where humans are the main force shaping the planet.
Environmental Racism
Disproportionate environmental harm on communities of color.
Environmental Justice
Movement for fair treatment and involvement in environmental policies.
Colonialism/Settler Colonialism
Taking control of land and people, often displacing indigenous groups.
use value
the worth of something we use directly
exchange value
an assessment of the worth of something based on what it can be traded or sold for