Key Concepts in Extractive Industries and Urbanism

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46 Terms

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Extractive industries

Industries that remove natural resources like oil, gas, or minerals.

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Extractivism

Economic model focused on large-scale natural resource extraction.

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Land grabbing

Large-scale land acquisition, often displacing local communities.

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Enclosure

Privatization of common land, pushing people off shared resources.

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Commons

Resources shared and used collectively (like pastures, forests).

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The Tragedy of the Commons

Overuse of shared resources due to individual self-interest.

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Property

Legal/social ownership rights over land or resources.

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Community Land Trust

Community-owned land held for public or affordable use.

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The MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra)

Brazilian landless workers' movement fighting for land rights.

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Capitalism

Economic system of private ownership, market exchange, and profit.

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Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Areas with special trade and tax rules to attract investment.

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Uneven Development

Unequal economic growth between places or regions.

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Urban renewal

Redevelopment projects that often displace marginalized communities.

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Urban informality

Unregulated, informal activities or settlements in cities.

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Splintering urbanism

Fragmentation of cities due to uneven infrastructure access.

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Right to the city

Idea that all people should help shape and access urban spaces.

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Planetary urbanism

Understanding that urban processes now shape the entire planet.

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City

A dense, built-up urban settlement.

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Norman Borlaug

Scientist known as the 'father of the Green Revolution.'

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The Green Revolution

Introduction of high-yield crops, fertilizers, and irrigation worldwide.

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Food systems

The network of food production, distribution, and consumption.

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Agroecology

Sustainable farming based on ecological principles.

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Food security

Having reliable access to sufficient, nutritious food.

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Food sovereignty

The right of people to control their own food systems.

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Via Campesina

International peasant movement advocating food sovereignty.

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Organic

produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial agents

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Commodity

A product or raw material sold and traded in markets.

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Commodity Chains

The sequence from raw material to finished product to consumer.

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Bioprospecting

Searching ecosystems for commercially useful biological resources.

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Marronage

Formation of autonomous communities by escaped enslaved people.

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Climate

Long-term weather patterns in a region.

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Climate Change

Long-term global shifts in temperature and weather, often due to human activity.

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Global Warming

Increase in average global temperatures from greenhouse gases.

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Climate System

Interactions between earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land.

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Climate Variability

Natural changes in climate over time.

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Climate forcings

Factors like greenhouse gases that push the climate system toward change.

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Urban Heat Island

Urban areas that are warmer than surrounding countryside.

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Albedo

How much sunlight a surface reflects (ice has high albedo; asphalt low).

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Climate vulnerability

How sensitive people or ecosystems are to climate impacts.

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Climate justice

Fair distribution of climate change burdens and benefits.

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Anthropocene

Proposed era where humans are the main force shaping the planet.

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Environmental Racism

Disproportionate environmental harm on communities of color.

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Environmental Justice

Movement for fair treatment and involvement in environmental policies.

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Colonialism/Settler Colonialism

Taking control of land and people, often displacing indigenous groups.

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use value

the worth of something we use directly

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exchange value

an assessment of the worth of something based on what it can be traded or sold for