BHS 316 Exam 1

A vesicle inside a phagocyte that contains powerful chemicals and enzymes that can destroy bacteria is called a:

lysosome

The innate immune system includes

natural killer cells, tears, macrophages, complement proteins, mucous, skin

Put the following steps of phagocytosis in correct order, from beginning to end:

1. A phagocyte senses invader and moves towards it 2. A phagocyte engulfs the invader 3. The phagosome fuses to the lysosome 4. The lysosome releases digestive enzymes 5. Digestive enzymes destroy invader

Which of the following are considered white blood cells

macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils

Put the following steps in the life cycle of a macrophage in the correct order, from beginning to end:

1. Stem cells differentiate into monocytes 2. Monocytes leave the bone marrow and enter the blood 3. Monocytes travel within the blood vessels to capillaries 4. Monocytes leave capillaries and enter tissues through cracks in endothelial cells 5. Monocytes mature into macrophages

During phagocytosis, the phagocyte ingests a potential invader and the resulting vesicle containing the invader is called a:

phagosome

Proteins that are secreted by macrophages (and other immune cells) to communicate with other cells are called:

cytokines

Jenner's "experiment" that showed that cowpox conferred immunity to smallpox showcases the features of the:

adaptive immune system

The first line of defense against potential pathogens is:

skin and mucous membranes

The unique capability of stem cells which make daughter cells that continue to be stem cells is called:

self-renewal

The portion of an antibody that determines its class is the:

Fc region

The method by which the 4 different gene modules are combined to make an antibody is called:

recombination

An antibody that has been anchored on the surface of a B cell is called a:

B cell receptor

When one single B cell is activated and turns into a plasma B cell, it produces:

Many copies of the same B-cell receptors, all of which recognize the same antigen

In general, the function of an antibody is to:

Identify bacterial and viral invaders so other immune system components can kill them

The term that describes the chemical component (i.e., ligand) to which an antibody binds is:

antigen

Put the following steps involved in opsonization in order from beginning to end:

1. The Fab region of an antibody binds to its cognate antigen on an invader

2.The Fc region of an antibody binds to the Fcr receptor on a phagocytic cell

3. The phagocytic cell becomes even more phagocytic

4. The invader is phagocytosed

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the DNA in immature B cells and the DNA in mature B cells:

The DNA of all immature B cells are identical to one another, but the DNA of mature B cells is different from the DNA in immature B cells

Put the following steps involved in clonal selection of B cells in order from beginning to end:

1. B cells attach tester antibodies to their cell surface, turning the antibodies into B-cell receptors 2. B cells circulate in blood looking for their cognate antigen 3. B cell receptors bind to their cognate antigen once they encounter it 4. Proliferation of selected B-cells occurs 5. Plasma B cells produce soluble antibodies 6. Antibodies are released into the blood stream 7. Plasma B cells die

The portion of an antibody that binds to receptors on the surfaces of immune cells is called the:

Fc region

In a normal healthy person, there are about [ Select ] individual B cells that can produce an antibody that binds to any one specific antigen. [ Select ] is the process by which additional copies of a particular B cell can be created to counteract a specific invader with antigens that bind to a particular antibody.

30, clonal selection

Antibodies are produced by:

B cells

The portion of an antibody that binds to an antigen is called the:

Fab region

A neutralizing antibody is one that:

Binds to viruses so that the viruses cannot enter your cells

When an antibody binds to an invader, the antibody has:

opsonized the invader

The Fc region of an antibody

Determines the class of antibody (i.e., IgA, IgG, etc), Binds to the Fc receptors on the surface of immune cells

When individual genes are picked from gene modules to create an antibody, DNA bases may be added or deleted. This creates:

More antibodies than could otherwise be created, which we call junctional diversity

The main difference between an antibody and a B-cell receptor is:

An antibody is secreted outside the B-cell and the B-cell receptor is anchored to the surface of the B-cell

An individual antibody binds to:

one specific antigen

Y-shaped proteins that are made in response to exposure to a particular antigen and secreted into the blood are called:

antibodies

Another term for antibodies is:

immunoglobulins

When a B-cell receptor binds to its cognate antigen, the B cell is induced to double in size and divide into two daughter cells. This process is called:

proliferation

The Fab region of an antibody (check all that apply) (2 answers):

Binds to an antigen, Varies from one antibody to another

The 4 different gene modules that are combined to make an antibody are called:

V, D, J, and C

Helper T cells coordinate the immune response across different cell types by secreting chemical messengers called:

cytokines

The type of T cell that secrete chemical messages among immune cells to coordinate the immune response across different cell types is the:

helper T cell

Types of T cells in the body include:

helper T cells, cytotoxic (or killer) T cells, regulatory T cells

B cells and T cells differ in which of the following characteristics:

1. Location where cells mature in the body

2. The types of antigens they can recognize

3. The ability to recognize an antigen whether or not it is "presented" to the cell

B cells and T cells share which of the following characteristics:

1. Have cell-surface receptors that can bind to specific antigens

2. Use modular design to create antigen-binding receptors

3. Produced in the bone marrow

4. Undergo proliferation via clonal selection once they bind to an antigen

The type of T cell that helps restrain the immune system so it doesn't overreact is the:

regulatory T cell (Treg)

The type of cell that destroys virus-infected cells is the:

cytotoxic (or killer) T cell

The molecules that are responsible for "matching" an organ donor and a recipient are called:

Major histocompatibility complexes

The molecules used by antigen-presenting cells that present antigens from invaders to helper T cells are called:

class II MHC proteins

MHC I molecules are produced by:

most cells in the human body

The specialized molecules that "present" an antigen to T-cells are called:

Major histocompatibility complexes

MHC II molecules are produced by:

only antigen-presenting cells

The molecules that present viral peptides from cells infected with a virus to cytotoxic T cells are called

class I MHC proteins

Which of the following cells have to be "activated" by a two-step activation system

helper T cells, B cells, killer T cells

MHC I molecules provide information on problems occurring _______ the cell; MHC II molecules provide information on problems occurring _______ the cell:

inside; outside

Activation of the helper T cell requires:

Two steps: the binding of the T-cell receptor to its cognate antigen, and the binding of the T-cell's CD28 receptor to the B7 protein on an activated APC

The type of immunity that results when a person receives antibodies to an invader from another individual who had been exposed to a pathogen is called:

passive immunity

The type of immunity that results when a person's own immune response is induced from exposure to a pathogen is called:

active immunity

Which of the following are characteristics of the lymphatic system

1. Fluid moves from your legs to your torso via muscle contraction and one-way valves

2. Fluid comes from liquid that leaks out of blood vessels

3. Fluid is not pressurized

4. Fluid from the lymph eventually is returned to the blood supply

Which of the following are characteristics of the innate immune system

1. Immune cells are included as part of this branch of the immune system

2. Includes skin and mucosal membranes

3. Recognizes many common invaders rather than mounting a specific response to particular invaders

4. Reacts quickly to invaders

5. Is primarily responsible for determining which organisms are potential pathogens

6. Is the first line of defense

The primary function of lymph nodes is to:

Increase the chance that B cells and T cells will come into contact with APCs that carry their antigens so that they can be activated

The type of immunity that results when a person receives immune cells from another individual who had been exposed to a pathogen is called:

adoptive immunity

B cells and T cells that don't die after proliferation are called:

memory cells

Which of the following are characteristics of the adaptive immune system

1. Takes up to several weeks to mount a full response to invaders

2. Needs to be given permission to attack an invader by other parts of the immune system

3. Components of this system can develop immunological memory

4. Mount a highly specific response to particular invaders

5. Immune cells are included as part of this branch of the immune system

6. Is a secondary line of defense that is only invoked if needed

7. Improves in efficiency upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen

8. Immune cells in this system undergo clonal selection

9. Antigen presentation is required to activate this system

The concept that describes immune cells being "educated" so they don't attack our own cells and attack only those of invaders is called:

tolerance to self

Antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, such as those in the penicillin family tend to be more effective against [ Select ] bacterial cell walls than [ Select ] bacterial cell walls.

1. gram positive

2. gram negative

Put the following steps in the life cycle of a virus in order, beginning with attachment:

1. attachment 2. penetration 3. uncoating 4. biosynthsis 5. assembly 6. release

Which kinds of organisms contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls

gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria

Immunology includes the study of how our bodies respond to

toxins, bacteria, cancer, parasites, autoimmune conditions, viruses, allergens

[ Select] bacterial cell walls contain a very thick layer of peptidoglycan. [ Select ] bacterial cell walls contain thin layer of peptidoglycan and also contain [Select]

1. gram positive

2. gram negative

3. An extra plasma membrane called the outer membrane

Put the following in order (generally) from smallest (1) to largest (4):

1. viruses 2. bacteria 3. fungi 4. parasites

Which class of organism contains plasma membranes (or cell membranes) surrounding their cellular contents

fungi, humans, parasites, gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria

Molecules on the very outer surface of the cell walls can be used by your immune system to recognize specific kind of invader that you are experiencing. [Select] is the outer surface molecule associated with gram positive cell walls, and [Select] is the outer surface molecule associated with gram negative cell walls.

teichoic acid, LPS

Which of the following potential invaders are considered living?

bacteria, parasites, fungi

Which of these types of proteins cross the entire plasma membrane, with part of the protein on the inside of the cell and outside of the cell

channel protein, transmembrane protein

Which potential invaders are considered eukaryotes

fungi, parasites

Bacteria lack which of the following structures:

nucleus

Which kind of organism contains chitin in its cell walls?

fungi

All viruses contain

DNA or RNA genes, a protein caspid

Important aspects of the immune system include

1. It develops over a person's lifetime

2. Communication with other body systems is important

3. Communication between different cells in the immune system is important

4. Immune cells are mobile

Which potential invader is considered a prokaryote?

bacteria

The [ Select ] serves as a communication bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and the [ Select ] has some characteristics of innate immune system cells and some characteristics of adaptive immune system cells:

dendritic cell, natural killer cell

Which of the following are lymphocytes

B cell, T cell, natural killer cell

Monocytes are cells that [ Select ]. When monocytes mature, they can become either [Se;ect] or [ Select ] , which [ Select ] .

1. circulate in the blood

2. dendritic cells

3. macrophages

4. live in tissues

All immune cells are initially formed in the:

bone marrow

The short-lived cell that resides in the blood, contains granules, is the most abundant leukocyte, and is the primary component in puss is a/an:

neutrophil

The [ Select ] must always be invoked before the [ Select ] can become active.

innate immune system, adaptive immune system

Short-lived cells that resides in the blood, contains granules, and are primarily responsible for mounting a response to parasites are

eosinophil, basophil

Which of the following cell types do not mature until they get to the tissues

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, T cells

The long-lived cell that resides in tissues and can migrate to the lymph node, where it presents antigens is a/an:

dendritic cell

The heaviest component of the blood, which normally constitutes about 40-60% of the total blood volume is the:

hematocrit

The condition in which your body has too little hemoglobin is called:

anemia

The component of the blood that contains water, proteins, nutrients, and hormones is the:

plasma

The only cell listed below that is not a leukocyte is the:

red blood cell

The long-lived cell that resides solely in tissues, is responsible for cleaning up cellular debris, is an antigen presenting cell, and is phagocytic is a/an:

macrophage

Which of the following are granulocytes

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

The component of the blood that contains leukocytes and platelets is the:

buffy coat

Red blood cells are formed in the:

bone marrow

If macrophages get overwhelmed by an infectious agents, they first recruit this kind of cell to help:

neutrophils

Hyperactivated macrophages

Increase their growth rate

Increases the number of lysosomes

Increase their rate of phagocytosis

Produce and secrete TNF

The cytokine that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells is:

TNF

A macrophage's job is to [Select] whereas a neutrophil's job is to [Select]

1. Serve as sentinel that watch for invaders and signal other cells

2. Circulate in the blood and be on call to leave the blood to kill invaders at their first opportunity

Macrophages cannot swallow large parasites. They therefore:

Can dump the contents of their lysosomes outside their cell to harm parasites

Macrophages exist in which stages of readiness:

resting, primed, and hyperactivated

Interferon gamma (or IFN-g) is:

A protein, A compound that can activate a resting macrophage to the primed state, A cytokine, Produced mainly by helper T cells and NK cells

Macrophages reside:

underneath the epithelial lining of tissues exposed to the environment