Ap Human S1 Final

Reference map

Maps displaying general info (ie. political and physical)

Thematic map

Displays data on how human/human activities are distributed

Geospatial data

All information including physical features and human activities

GIS (Geographic Information System)

System for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.

GPS (Geographic Positioning System)

System that uses data from satellites for location and navigation

Remote sensing

Process of taking pictures of Earth’s surface from satellites

Absolute location

Precise spot where something is located (ie. address, coordinates)

Relative location

Location in relation to other things (ie. distance, time)

Space

Extent of an area (can be absolute or relative)

Place

Specific human and physical characteristics of a location

Distance decay

Effect of distance on cultural/ spatial interactions

Time-space compression

Connectivity is increasing as distance stays the same due to globalization

Pattern

Geometric or regular arrangement if something in an area

Sustainability

Meeting current needs while leaving resources for posterity

Natural resources

Physical material of Earth people need and value

Environmental Determinism

Theory that the environment determines social development

Possibilism

Theory that humans possess the ability to adjust to the physical environment

Scale

Relationship between distance on ground and distance on map

Scale of analysis

How zoomed in or out you are looking at geographic data (global, regional, national, local)

Region

Place larger than a point and smaller than a planet that is grouped together because of a shared characteristic

Formal Region

Region based on quantitative data

Functional region

Region based on a node/focal point (ie. Radio broadcast)

Vernacular (perceptual) region

A region that exists in people’s mind/ shares a qualitative characteristic (Ie. American south)

Ecumene

Where people are settled on Earth

Arithmetic density

Total number of objects/people in an area

Physiological density

Number of people/arable land

Agricultural density

Farmers/arable land

Carrying capacity

Max population size environment can sustain

Overpopulation

Not enough resources in an area to support a population

Age/sex ratio

Comparison of numbers of males and females of different age groups

Population pyramid

A graph of population by age and sex

Demography

Study of population

CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

Number of births per 1000 ppl

CDR (Crude Death Rate)

Number of deaths per 1000 ppl

Doubling time

Time it takes population to double in size

Fertility

Number of live births in a pop

IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)

Number of children who die before one per 1000 births

Mortality

Number of deaths occurring in a population

NIR (Natural Increase Rate)

Birth rate - death rate (+ = growing pop, - = declining pop)

TFR (Total Fertility Rate)

Avg number of children a woman has in her fecund years

Antinatalist Policies

Policies to discourage birth

Pronatalist Policies

Policies to encourage births

Contraception

Methods to prevent pregnancy

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of workforce and dependents

Life expectancy

Avg number if yrs someone in a country can expect to live

Push Factor

Force that drives people away

Pull Factor

Force that draws people somewhere

Intervening opportunity

Opportunity that stops migration

Intervening Obstacle

Obstacle that stops migration

Asylum Seeker

Person seeking residence in an outside country due to persecution

Step-migration

Migration with stages

Forced Migration

Ppl migrate not due to choice

Guest Worker

Legal immigrant allowed for a short time due to work

Internally Displaced Person

Forced to flee home but remains in home country

Refugee

Person who flees home and cannot return

Transhumance

Moving herds of animals to highlands in summer and lowlands in winter

Transnational Migration

Moving into another country

Voluntary Migration

Ppl choosing to migrate

Culture

Body of materials, customary beliefs, and social forms that constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

Material Culture

Tangible culture (ie. Tools, housing, land use, clothing, etc.)

Nonmaterial culture

Beliefs, traditions, celebration, thoughts, values, and ideas of a group (ie, religions, morals, attitudes)

Cultural Relativism

Culture should be judged based on its own standards

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures based on the rules of your own culture

Taboo

Something forbidden by a culture

Cultural Landscapes

Human imposition on environment

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Area retaining cultural distinction from larger culture

Indigenous people

Culture group constituting original inhabitants of a territory distinct from dominant culture

Sense of Place

Strong feeling of identity deeply felt by inhabitants

Language

Set of mutually intelligible sounds or symbols used for communication

Religion

Belief and worship

Ethnicity

The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition

Gender

Cultural differences in how men are treated differently than women

Relocation Diffusion

Form of diffusion where ideas being diffused are transmitted via migration

Expansion diffusion

Spread of an idea through a population: contagious, hierarchical, stimulus

Contagious diffusion

Transmission through contact with nearby places

Hierarchical diffusion

Idea spreads by passing from most connected to others

Stimulus Diffusion

A form of diffusion where ideas are adapted to fit that particular culture

Creole

Language that is a combination of two and is the primary language of a group of people

Colonialism

Effort by one country to settle a different country and impose its society on it

Imperialism

Policy of extending a country’s influence through political or military force

Globalization

Increased world interaction and integration among people

Time-space convergence

The decline in travel time due to new tech

Cultural Convergence

Different cultures acquire common ideas and become more sinilar

Cultural Divergence

Different parts of a cultural region are exposed to different influences and become dissimilar