History Grade 9 Flashcards

Flashcards on Namibian History - Grade 9

Define Namibian Nationalism

A system whereby people express their feelings of love, pride and loyalty towards their country; A desire of Namibian leaders to form an independent country; Feeling that people of a particular country should rule themselves.

Name factors that contributed to Namibian nationalism

Colonial oppression/South African rule, Education, Urbanisation, The United Nations, World War II

Who was Chief Hosea Kutako?

A leading commander during the war of National resistance against Germans in 1904. He founded the Herero Chief Council in 1954. He was hailed as the father of Namibian nationalism.

Who was Andimba Toivo ya Toivo?

He became the leader of the contract workers in Cape Town, SA. He worked hard to make his countrymen aware of SA injustices and their political rights in the contract labour system. In 1957 with other Namibian contract workers in Cape Town founded OPC.

Who was Reverend Michael Guthrie Scott?

He drafted the first petition with Hosea Kutako. He also represented Namibians at the UNO and spoke on behalf of the Namibians when he delivered the petition. He helped SWAPO to be recognized by the UN as the sole representative of Namibian.

Who was Dr Sam Shafishuna Nuyoma?

He worked on the South African railways before 1959. He became the president of OPO. He focused on making conditions better for the contract workers everywhere in Namibia. He left Namibia in 1959 after the Windhoek Massacre. While in exile he fought for Namibia's independence.

What was the Herero Chief's Council (HCC)?

Founded by the Herero traditional leaders in 1945. It was the first nationalist movement in South West Africa. It was the first organisation to send a petition to the UN.

What was The South African Progressive Association (SWAPA)?

SWAPA was formed by SWA students who studied in South Africa. It started the first newspaper for blacks in Namibians which was known as the South West News.

What was The Ovambo People's Organisation (OPO)?

OPO was formed in 1958. It was established to protect the interest of Oshivambo-speaking students and workers in South Africa. It soon grew into SWAPO and aimed to represent all the people of the territory.

List reasons for the establishment of OPO

To fight the Apartheid Policies that SA introduced in Namibia; To oppose South African governments' idea to make Namibia as part of South Africa; To improve the life and conditions of the contract workers; To remove the racial discrimination in the territory; To bring Namibia under the direct protection of the UN; Platform for black workers to air their views; To win independence for Namibia; To organize strikes

Mention the founding members of OPO

AndimbaToivoya Toivo, FanuelKozonguizi, Andreas Shipanga, Sam Nujoma

Describe the contract labour system

A contract labour system was a forced labour practices introduced by the colonial government whereby a person worked on a job for a specific period of time. The contract periods were written in a contract book. The person was not employed permanently.

Discuss how men were recruited by South West African Native Labour Association (SWANLA)

SWANLA was established in 1943 to make sure that enough young men were recruited for various companies as contract workers. Identified men would line up for health inspection by SWANLA officials. Worker were classified according to their health and strength and decided what work should be given.

Name SWANU's founding members

FanuelJariretundukozonguizi, UatjaKaukuetu and SWAPA students, Hosea Kutako of the Herero Chief's Council

Describe SWANU's aims

To unite all SWA people in the struggle for freedom and independence; Fight for self determination; Promote the advancement of the Namibian people; Work with Allied movements to promote African unity; To work with UNO in the struggle for independence; To get independence through peaceful means

List the founding members of National Unity Democratic Organization (NUDO), Caprivi African National Unity (CANU) and the Damara Tribal Council.

NUDO: Hosea Kutako, JosephatGawanab, Clemens Kapuo. CANU: MishakeMuyongo, Mason Mamili, George Mutwa. Damara Tribal Council: Justus Garoeb

Describe the aims of NUDO, CANU, and Damara Tribal Council

NUDO: Wanted equality for all people in SWA; Work for independence of Namibia; To advocate a mixed economy system. CANU: To stop South African rule in Caprivi; To fight common enemy (South Africa); To stop SA from creating Damara Homeland. DTC: To protect the rights of the Damara people; To fight for independence; Achieve independence in a peaceful manner without the use of weapons; It wanted the UN to support them to end SA rule.

Define the term 'Massacre'

An incident where many people are killed indiscriminately and deliberately without reason and without mercy; an indiscriminate and brutal slaughtering of many defenseless people.

List the reason for the formation of SWAPO

SWAPO aimed to include all the Namibians in the party and not only Ovambo (OPO); To take up arms and fight for independence; To fight for the equal rights for all Namibian people; For it to be a National movement; To fight for black people's rights in SWA.

Name the conditions on which SWAPO received assistance from the OAU?

They had to prove that they had support of the majority people in the country; They had to be willing to participate in an armed struggle, if necessary; They had to produce an effective programme of action detailing their resistance activities.

Mention why Namibian refugee camps were established in other countries during the armed struggle

To house people fleeing from war zone in Namibia temporarily; To provide basic services like education, offer clinic to provide health care; Provide facilities where people could work like sewing factories or workshop; To protect people from further attacks by enemies.

Describe the inheritance of Namibia as a mandate by the UN.

In 1919 Germany lost the WWI, and all its colonies including Namibia was taken away from Germany and given to the LON to control it. Then LON (Mandate Commission) placed Namibia (SWA) as a mandated territory under SA to prepare it for independence.

Name the two main political parties in the SA parliament.

United Nation South West Party (UNSWP), National Party of South West Africa (SWANP)

Define Apartheid in Namibia

An Afrikaans word meaning Separateness. It describes a South African policy (laws) imposed on the Namibians to separate different races from one another.

Discuss the Odendaal Plan

Odendaal plan was policy of separate development which replaced Apartheid in Namibia. Under the Odendaal plan homelands would be created for different ethnic groups in Namibia.

Describe the reasons why the UN and SA clashed over Namibia.

United Nations and South Africa clashed over Namibia due to some disagreements such as whether Namibia was still legally a mandated territory. In 1945 - 1946 South Africa asked UNO to allow SA to incorporate Namibia as a fifth province of SA, the UNO refused.

List reasons why SA changed direction regarding Namibia's independence

Angola became independent. The MPLA supported SWAPO and opened borders for SWAPO member to hide after guerrilla attacks on SA troops. PLAN fighters become more active and put a lot of pressure on the SADF. SWAPO support was growing. An economic sanction by the UNO was threatening the SA economy.

Name the members of the Western Contact Group.

Britain, USA, France, Canada, West Germany.

Describe The 1st tier government in Namibia during the 1980

This government consisted of the National assembly and Executive council. Dirk Mudge the leader of DTA was appointed as its chairperson.

Describe The 2nd tier government in Namibia during the 1980

It was set up for individual class groups and each ethnic group had the right to make laws and power to carry them in its homelands. This government was responsible for health, education, agriculture and housing.

Describe The 3rd tier government in Namibia during the 1980

This government was under the white authority and blacks were not allowed to have power in the municipalities. All municipalities in towns, cities and villages were under the white authority.

Give the reasons for the establishment of Multi party conference (MPC) and its failure.

The reasons: To discuss the possibility of joint action for the country's political future; To draw the constitution of Namibia; to write the laws that would be recognized internationally; To lead Namibia towards independence. The failures: It was not recognised internationally. It was not recognized by SWAPO. SWAPO refused to join the MPC