Biology - Cell Structure and Functions II

State which cells can be found within prokaryotes

cytoplasm, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome, storage granules, plasmid, flagellum and nucleoid

State the difference between cell walls in prokaryotes and plant cells

In prokaryotes, the cell wall is made of peptidoglycan while in plant cells it is made of cellulose and prevents excessive water uptake

State the differences between ribosomes in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are assembled after their sub-units are transferred to the cytoplasm. In prokaryote, the size of ribosomes is 70S while in eukaryotes, the size of ribosomes is 80S

State which organelles can be found in both plant and animal cells

cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria

State which organelles are found in animal cells but not in plant cells

centrioles, lysosomes, cilia and flagella

State which organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells

cell walls, plasmodesmata, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

Which organelle houses the Krebs cycle?

The mitochondria, specific the mitochondrial matrix

State characteristics of the mitochondria that separate them from other cells

They are membrane-bound, they have their own ribosomes, the amount of mitochondria in a cell correlates with the cell's demand for energy and they tend to congregate in regions of the cell where energy is most required

State the processes that lysosomes are involved in and how they carry out their function

They are involved in autophagy and apoptosis and digest by fusing with a vesicle containing molecules and converting it into monomers

State a modern example of an endosymbiont

rhizobium

Describe the thought behind the endosymbiont theory

It is thought that a globular heterotrophic cell engulfed endosymbionts capable of absorbing solar energy to produce sugars (photosynthesis) and using oxygen to produce energy (respiration), giving away to the chloroplast and mitochondria respectfully

State the evidence used for the endosymbiont theory

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA, ribosomes and membranes. They divide via binary fission, unlike eukaryotic cells. They have a similar size to prokaryotes

Describe the maximum resolutions of light and electron microscopes

Light microscopes have a maximum resolution of 0.2 micrometers as it is limited by the wavelength of light on the other hand electron microscopes have a maximum resolution of 0.5 nanometers'

Label and identify this diagram

General structure of a prokaryotic cell

A - food granule
B - ribosome
C - pili
D - nucleoid region
E - capsule
F - cell wall
G - plasma membrane
H - cytoplasm
I - plasmid
J - flagellum

Identify this image

Electron micrograph of a prokaryote

Label and identify this image

General structure of animal cell

A - vacuole
B - cell membrane
C - nucleolus
D - nuclear membrane
E - chromatin
F - cytoplasm
G - mitochondria
H - nucleus

Label and identify this image

General structure of a plant cell

A - vacuole
B - cell wall
C - cell membrane
D - mitochondrion
E - nucleus
F - cytoplasm
G - chloroplast
H - vacuole

Identify this image

Endosymbiosis

Label this image

a - light microscope
b - transmission electron microscope
c - scanning electron microscope

Complete this table

A - x1400, x300,000
B - Glass, Electromagnets
C - Visible light, Electron beams
D - Image will appear in color, Black and white
E - Both living and non-living tissues can be used, Only non-living and dehydrated cells are used
F - Cells absorb colored stains, Cells absorb heavy metals
G - By eye or projection on a screen, Fall onto fluorescent screen
H - Affordable; Slides are multi-use; Low-risk of distortion, Higher resolution; Higher magnification
I - Lower resolution; Lower magnification, Expensive; Requires expertise; Specimen deteriorates during viewing; High risk of distortion

Identify and label this diagram

A - smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B - plasma membrane
C- vacuole
D - chromatin
E - nucleus
F - ribosomes
G - mitochondrion
H - Golgi body
I - lysosome
J - centriole
K - nuclear pore
L - polyribosome
M - rough endoplasmic reticulum

Identify and label this diagram

A - central vacuole
B - cell wall
C - middle lamella
D - cell membrane
E - chloroplast
F - tonoplast
G - cell sap
H - Golgi body
I - Golgi vesicle
J - cytoplasm
K - plasmodesmata
L - mitochondrion
M - smooth endoplasmic reticulum
N - rough ednoplasmic reticulum
O - nuclear envelope
P - nucleolus
Q - chromatin
R - nuclear pore
S - pinosome
T - amyloplast
U - nucleus

Label this diagram

A - epidermis
B - exodermis
C - cortex
D - endodermis
F - vascular cylinder
G - core of parenchyma cells
H - xylem
I - phloem