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Assembly Line
pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods
Mass Production
production of goods in quantity usually by machinery
Bourgeoisie
the middle class including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Feminism
the movement for women’s rights
Suffrage
the right to vote
Suffragists
members of the women’s movement
Clara Barton
transformed nursing into a profession of trained middle class “women in white”
Duma
Russian legislative assembly
Otto von Bismarck
began the new constitution of new imperial Germany, Chancellor
Nicholas II
began rule in 1894 believing that the absolute power of the czars should be preserved, created the Duma
Queen Liliuokalani
last queen of Hawaii, deposed
Triple Alliance
united the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy- against France
Modernism
movement where writers and artists rebelled against traditional literary and artistic methods/styles from 1870-1914 of the Renaissance
Psychoanalysis
a method in which a therapist could probe into a patients memory
Social Darwinism
theory used by western nations to justify their dominance, “survival of the fittest”
Pogroms
the organized massacre of a minority group (Jews)
Zionism
establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Claude Monet
important impressionist that used interplay of light, water, and sky
Marie Curie
French scientist that discovered that the element radium gave off energy
Albert Einstein
German-born scientist, provided new view of universe, theory of relativity
Sigmund Freud
a doctor from Vienna, proposed theories regarding nature of human mind, major theories published in the Interpretation of Dreams
Proletariat
the working class, the oppressed, overthrow bourgeoisie, form dictatorship
Thomas Edison
created the lightbulb in the US
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone in 1876
Karl Marx
published the communist manifesto with Friedrich Engels (Both German), Marxist socialism, blamed system of industrial capitalism for horrible conditions in factories
Imperialism
the extension of a nation’s power over other lands
Racism
the belief that race determines a person’s traits and capabilities
Protectorate
a political unit that depends on another government for its protection
Annexed
to incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country
Indigenous
native to a region
Viceroy
a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
Estate
a landed property usually with a large house
Extraterritoriality
living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host’s country laws
Spheres of Influence
areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges
Open Door Policy
proposed by US secretary, John Hay, that stated all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to citizens of country
Commodities
agricultural, mined, and mass-produced marketable goods
Concessions
a political compromise
Czar Nicholas II
Russian autocratic ruler, relied on the army and bureaucracy to hold up regime, lost support of army, stepped down ending 300 year old Romanov Dynasty
Soviets
Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers
Total war
complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from battle field
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Lenin signed in 1918 which gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces, eventually Europe would make irrelevant
Woodrow Wilson
proposed “Fourteen Points”- basis for a peace settlement that he believed justified the enormous military struggle being waged
Article 231
declared that Germany (& Austria) were responsible for starting the war
Conscription
military draft
Erich von Ludendorff
guided military operations for Germany and made grand offensive in west which then failed
Planned Economies
economic system directed by government agencies
Communists
used to be Bolsheviks
War communism
WWI Russia, government control of banks and most industries the seizing of grain from peasants and the centralization of state administration under communist control
Gavrilo Princip
19 year old Bosnian serb, member of Black Hand, Serbian terrorist organization
Allied Powers
France, Great Britain, and Russia, declared war on Ottoman Empire, took advantage of Germany’s preoccupations in Europe
Lawrence of Arabia
British officer, urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords
Propaganda
ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a clause
Mandate
a territory temporarily governed by another country on behalf of the League of Nations
Depression
a period of low economic activity of rising unemployment
Deficit spending
when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, going into debt
Surrealism
an artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious
Totalitarian state
a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
Fascism
a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler
Mass Media
newspapers, radio, film, channels or systems of communication
Collectivization
a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government
Authoritarian
favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom
Nazi
for short, German Nazional or the National Socialist German workers party
Concentration camps
camp where prisoners of war or minority groups are confined under harsh conditions
Adolf Hitler
racist, anti-semitic nationalist who knew how political parties could effectively use propaganda and terror
Yellow Star of David
German Jews were forced to wear this
Genocide
the deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group
Ethnic Cleansing
a policy of killing or forcibly removing an ethnic group from its lands; used by serbs against muslims
Caliphate
the office of the caliph
Pan-Africanism
unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
Civil Disobedience
refusal to obey laws that are considered to be unjust
Guerilla tactics
the use of unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight an enemy
Oligarchy
“rule of a few” form of government in which a select group of people exercises control
Appeasement
satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability
Blitz
the British term for the German air raids on British cities and towns during WW2
Blitzkrieg
German for “lightning war,” a swift and sudden military attack, used by the Germans during WW2
Normandy
beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion
Munich Conference
hastily arranged conference in Munich, was the high point of Western appeasement of Hitler
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
First and second nuclear bombs on Japan
Heinrich Himmler
directed the SS, originally created as Hitler’s personal bodyguard
Einsatzgruppen
special strike forces used to carry out Nazi plans
Holocaust
deliberate attempt to exterminate all Jews
Auschwitz
efficient killing center
Cold War
the period of political tension following WW2 and ending with the fall of communism in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s
Kamikaze
Japanese for “divine wind,” a suicide mission in which Japanese pilots intentionally flew into US fighting ships
Satellite states
a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country
Policy of containment
a plan to keep things, like communism, within its geographical boundaries and to prevent further aggressive moves
Arms race
building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy
Deterrence
a policy that held huge arsenals of nuclear weapons on both sides prevented war
Berlin Wall
wall separating West and East Berlin, 15 ft high concrete topped with barbed wire
Communes
a group of collective farms, 30,000 people who worked together
Permanent revolution
an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor, could enable the Chinese to overcome the past and achieve the final stage of communism
Proxy war
2 powers in conflict use a third party as substitute instead of direct fighting
38th parallel
two zones of Korea being divided
Bay of Pigs Invasion
exiled Cuban fighters invade Cuba to cause a revolt against Castro
Domino theory
idea that one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall
Common factor that led to the hot wars in Asia during the Cold War
countries in Asia gained their independence from their colonial rulers
Vietnam was a proxy war
French refused to let go of Indochina, Ho Chi Minh was leading struggle against France, US aided Vietnam, China aided Communists
women’s liberation movement
the renewed feminist movement of the late 1960s, which demanded political and economic equality with men
de-Stalinization
the process of eliminating Stalin’s more ruthless policies
detente
a phase of relaxed tensions and improved relations between two adversaries