World History Semester 2 SG- Eslick

Assembly Line

pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods

Mass Production

production of goods in quantity usually by machinery

Bourgeoisie

the middle class including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Feminism

the movement for women’s rights

Suffrage

the right to vote

Suffragists

members of the women’s movement

Clara Barton

transformed nursing into a profession of trained middle class “women in white”

Duma

Russian legislative assembly

Otto von Bismarck

began the new constitution of new imperial Germany, Chancellor

Nicholas II

began rule in 1894 believing that the absolute power of the czars should be preserved, created the Duma

Queen Liliuokalani

last queen of Hawaii, deposed

Triple Alliance

united the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy- against France

Modernism

movement where writers and artists rebelled against traditional literary and artistic methods/styles from 1870-1914 of the Renaissance

Psychoanalysis

a method in which a therapist could probe into a patients memory

Social Darwinism

theory used by western nations to justify their dominance, “survival of the fittest”

Pogroms

the organized massacre of a minority group (Jews)

Zionism

establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Claude Monet

important impressionist that used interplay of light, water, and sky

Marie Curie

French scientist that discovered that the element radium gave off energy

Albert Einstein

German-born scientist, provided new view of universe, theory of relativity

Sigmund Freud

a doctor from Vienna, proposed theories regarding nature of human mind, major theories published in the Interpretation of Dreams

Proletariat

the working class, the oppressed, overthrow bourgeoisie, form dictatorship

Thomas Edison

created the lightbulb in the US

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone in 1876

Karl Marx

published the communist manifesto with Friedrich Engels (Both German), Marxist socialism, blamed system of industrial capitalism for horrible conditions in factories

Imperialism

the extension of a nation’s power over other lands

Racism

the belief that race determines a person’s traits and capabilities

Protectorate

a political unit that depends on another government for its protection

Annexed

to incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country

Indigenous

native to a region

Viceroy

a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch

Estate

a landed property usually with a large house

Extraterritoriality

living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host’s country laws

Spheres of Influence

areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges

Open Door Policy

proposed by US secretary, John Hay, that stated all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to citizens of country

Commodities

agricultural, mined, and mass-produced marketable goods

Concessions

a political compromise

Czar Nicholas II

Russian autocratic ruler, relied on the army and bureaucracy to hold up regime, lost support of army, stepped down ending 300 year old Romanov Dynasty

Soviets

Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers

Total war

complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from battle field

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Lenin signed in 1918 which gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces, eventually Europe would make irrelevant

Woodrow Wilson

proposed “Fourteen Points”- basis for a peace settlement that he believed justified the enormous military struggle being waged

Article 231

declared that Germany (& Austria) were responsible for starting the war

Conscription

military draft

Erich von Ludendorff

guided military operations for Germany and made grand offensive in west which then failed

Planned Economies

economic system directed by government agencies

Communists

used to be Bolsheviks

War communism

WWI Russia, government control of banks and most industries the seizing of grain from peasants and the centralization of state administration under communist control

Gavrilo Princip

19 year old Bosnian serb, member of Black Hand, Serbian terrorist organization

Allied Powers

France, Great Britain, and Russia, declared war on Ottoman Empire, took advantage of Germany’s preoccupations in Europe

Lawrence of Arabia

British officer, urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords

Propaganda

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a clause

Mandate

a territory temporarily governed by another country on behalf of the League of Nations

Depression

a period of low economic activity of rising unemployment

Deficit spending

when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, going into debt

Surrealism

an artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious

Totalitarian state

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

Fascism

a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler

Mass Media

newspapers, radio, film, channels or systems of communication

Collectivization

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Authoritarian

favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom

Nazi

for short, German Nazional or the National Socialist German workers party

Concentration camps

camp where prisoners of war or minority groups are confined under harsh conditions

Adolf Hitler

racist, anti-semitic nationalist who knew how political parties could effectively use propaganda and terror

Yellow Star of David

German Jews were forced to wear this

Genocide

the deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group

Ethnic Cleansing

a policy of killing or forcibly removing an ethnic group from its lands; used by serbs against muslims

Caliphate

the office of the caliph

Pan-Africanism

unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

Civil Disobedience

refusal to obey laws that are considered to be unjust

Guerilla tactics

the use of unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight an enemy

Oligarchy

“rule of a few” form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

Appeasement

satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability

Blitz

the British term for the German air raids on British cities and towns during WW2

Blitzkrieg

German for “lightning war,” a swift and sudden military attack, used by the Germans during WW2

Normandy

beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion

Munich Conference

hastily arranged conference in Munich, was the high point of Western appeasement of Hitler

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

First and second nuclear bombs on Japan

Heinrich Himmler

directed the SS, originally created as Hitler’s personal bodyguard

Einsatzgruppen

special strike forces used to carry out Nazi plans

Holocaust

deliberate attempt to exterminate all Jews

Auschwitz

efficient killing center

Cold War

the period of political tension following WW2 and ending with the fall of communism in the Soviet Union at the end of 1980s

Kamikaze

Japanese for “divine wind,” a suicide mission in which Japanese pilots intentionally flew into US fighting ships

Satellite states

a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country

Policy of containment

a plan to keep things, like communism, within its geographical boundaries and to prevent further aggressive moves

Arms race

building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy

Deterrence

a policy that held huge arsenals of nuclear weapons on both sides prevented war

Berlin Wall

wall separating West and East Berlin, 15 ft high concrete topped with barbed wire

Communes

a group of collective farms, 30,000 people who worked together

Permanent revolution

an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor, could enable the Chinese to overcome the past and achieve the final stage of communism

Proxy war

2 powers in conflict use a third party as substitute instead of direct fighting

38th parallel

two zones of Korea being divided

Bay of Pigs Invasion

exiled Cuban fighters invade Cuba to cause a revolt against Castro

Domino theory

idea that one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall

Common factor that led to the hot wars in Asia during the Cold War

countries in Asia gained their independence from their colonial rulers

Vietnam was a proxy war

French refused to let go of Indochina, Ho Chi Minh was leading struggle against France, US aided Vietnam, China aided Communists

women’s liberation movement

the renewed feminist movement of the late 1960s, which demanded political and economic equality with men

de-Stalinization

the process of eliminating Stalin’s more ruthless policies

detente

a phase of relaxed tensions and improved relations between two adversaries