Greek Art/Archaeology Exam 2

thermon

site of the archaic sanctuary where religious art finally started appearing after the Iron Age

prinias temple A

religious art appearing in a temple structure, figural decorations like statues similar to the Egyptian and Hittite empires

archaic smile

a characteristic of archaic statues from 700-480 BC with a simple, serene smile that gives the statues a faint expression to make it more lifelike

phrasikleia

a funerary kore used as a grave marker in the early archaic period, it depicts a woman wearing a peplos, holding the edge of the peplos and standing rigidly upright with no movement, it shows off the status and wealth of the person buried

kouros/kouroi/koure/kourai

archaic period grave markers used to show off status and wealth, characterized by rigid and static stances with arms at the sides, an archaic smile, stylized but not very detailed hair, and an idealized body that was not as proportional

isotheos

a term meaning equating to a god, used to describe the a kouros because of its elegant/poised figure it creates an idealized image of the person to make them similar to a god

herm

boundary markers with large heads of the god Hermes and undesigned bodies that were a block of stone with a phallus, it was used as a way to protect merchants and travelers or as mile markers, a form of public art for the community that also served a purpose

apotropaic

something that has the power to ward away evil or bad spirits, like the herms

apoikia

an away-home used to describe the settlements created by colonizers away from their main city where they would stay and rule outside of their original land holding, used mainly in the 7th century during Greek colonization

metropolis

the mother city that sent out colonizers to form apoikia, it was the hub and center city for a civilization where the people originated from and spread out from between the 8th and 5th centuries during main times of colonization

emporium

a trading outpost created a a part of colonization where travelers would go out and instead of setting up an actual settlement or apoikia, they would set up a point of trading with others outside of their metropolis

oikist

the founder that leads an exploration, usually an aristocrat who was consulted at the oracle at Delphi and gained geographical information along with divine approval to set out and explore

smyrna

A city in Asia Minor that Ionian Greeks migrated/fled to from the Peloponnese in the 8th and 7th centuries BC, this is where a temple of Athena was built in 610 BC which was an aeolic temple style

naukratis

A city in the nile delta that Greeks went to, but it is unsure whether it was a settlement or trading post, or even if it was truly Greek, but there were sanctuaries built to Greek gods alongside Egyptian sanctuaries

pithecussae

The first Greek colony in Italy in the area of Ischia, it was where the shipwreck krater was found, it shows the spread of knowledge, technology, and Greek practices and culture overseas to new areas as they expanded trade networks, went to war, and interacted with indigenous people 

shipwreck krater

a krater found in pithecussae that likely could have described the experience of the Greeks getting over to pithecusae from Greece because of its depiction of boats, fish, and people in an archaic style

nestor’s cup

a drinking cup from the geometric period (750-700 BC) found in Ischia near Naples, Italy in a cremation tomb along with items of high status, but it was made in the eastern Aegean, it has an early form of the Greek alphabet on the cup and shows evidence for Greek expansion into Italy along with the spread of their culture through colonization and trade networks

antefix

a terracotta barrier at the edge of a roof that keep the tiles and capping tiles on the roof, can also come with decorative or plain drainspouts to let the water off the roof

acroterion

a decorative piece added to the corner or peak of a terracotta/temple roof for decoration

peristyle

a temple having a row of columns around the entire building to support the roof and provide protection from the elements for both offerings and the people

prostyle

a temple with a row of columns only in the front, usually found on smaller temples

dorian order

a temple style that is more symbol and geometric, includes an acroterion, triglyph, architrave, metope, and stylobate

ionian order

a temple style with more decorative columns including a volute, flutes around the column, a capital on the column, a frieze design, and a pediment on top of the temple

corinthian order

the most decorative style of temple with fancy columns that have a boss, volute, rosette, acanthus, and leaf all decorated on the column

atlases

Statues of atlas from the 5th century BC (the god that holds up the heavens) built for the temple of zeus in agrigento (akragas) Italy, which was another Greek settlement, they were made of sandstone and were used as decorations alongside columns

syracuse

A city in Sicily in Italy that was formerly Greek and has a doric temple of Apollo

stylobate

the base supporting a row of columns (the top step) in a temple

cella/naos

the main inner chamber of the temple housing the cult statue and was a place where offerings were brought

front porch/pronaos

the enclosed vestibule at the front of a temple where people could walk through to get to the cella/naos

triglyph

a tablet designed in doric friezes with three vertical grooves and alternates with metopes

architrave

the beam resting on top of the columns between the columns and the triglyph/metopes/frieze

metope

a square space between triglyphs in a doric frieze that can sometimes be decorated with scenes or figures

column drum

the cylindrical blocks that make up a column

pediment

the triangular top part of the temple on top of the columns, architrave, and triglyphs/metope/friezes that could sometimes be decorated with statues

frieze

a strip on top of the architrave that is decorated with scenes, figures, and moments of battle/victories

column shaft

the long part of the column

volute

the spiral decoration on the topic of ionic order columns that are its distinguishing feature from the other orders

flute

the vertical grooves on the surface of the column shaft

paestum

A Greek settlement in Italy also known as Poseidonia, which has some of the best preserved Greek temples like the Temple of Hera

connoisseurship and the morellian method by sir John Beazley

the idea pioneered by sir John beazley who used unconscious design elements of particular artists to identify which artists created which pieces of pottery because of stylistic choices, little details seen across different pieces can suggest that they were made by the same person

black figure

a style of attic pottery during the transition from archaic to classical from 620-480 BC that emerged from the orientalizing methodology in Corinth and had a focus on mythological scenes with large figures in a panel, it required more specialization of technical painting difficult shapes, the pottery is painted with a slip that turns black when fired

red figure

a new attic style of pottery from around 525 BC with designs that seemed more like relief sculptures, it replaced black figure and lasted about 130 years, they started out parallel with bilingual vases, but red figure became favored, it was the opposite of black figure where the slip fills the blank space, gives more ability to contour and intensity lines and details made from incisions

panathenaic vases

vases from the archaic and classical periods given to the winners of the panathenaic games where one side would depict Athena with her shield and spear and the other side would depict the activity or sport the competitor won for the vase

sophilos

the first Greek painter to sign their pottery, painted in black figure style

exekias

the master of black figure from the late archaic period, he was likely both the painter and the potter and created pieces like the Vatican amphora of Ajax and achilles playing a game, the Dionysus kylix, and a pot with the suicide of Ajax

bilingual vases

vases split where one side has black figure decoration and the other side has redfigure decoration, evoking the equality of the two techniques, it comes from Athens in the last quarter of the 6th century and shows experimentation in Athenian pottery as they played with technique, details, and contouring, an example is the Madrid bilingual amphora by andokides

euphronius

known as the master of red figure along with other pioneers from 510-480 who was a part of a group of other red figure painters like smikfos and euthymides, also original was a potter

euphronius krater

a krater in the red figure style from 515 BC, the late archaic period, signed by euphronius as the painter and euxitheos as the potter, it was likely looted from cerveteri, italy

pioneers

a group of red figure painters from 510-480s BC who could have either been part of a workshop or rivals, including Euphronius, Smikros, and Euthymides

smikros

Another red figure painter who was a part of the pioneers who created an amphora that could possibly be a self-portrait because it was signed by him but also includes a figure labeled as smikros, possibly being a statement about class and the painter putting himself in the pot

janiform

two-faced kantharos drinking cup where one side usually was a woman with white skin and the other side was a man with black skin, or one side was a maenad (Dionysus worshipper) and the other side was a satyr

porthole technique

a technique found in laconian (spartan) pottery like a Kylie where it looks like you are looking out a porthole at a scene as if the scene is passing by, it only shows part of it and it is up to interpretation what is coming next based on what details cross over the boundary

classical period

480-323 BC, early (480-450 BC) high (450-400 BC)

the early period is a pause between archaic and classical with a shift more towards classical but still with a lot of archaic features in the severe style, the high period is centered in Athens with Pericles as their leader as they go into the Peloponnesian war with Sparta and renovate the acropolis

severe style

the style of the early classical period known for more physical fluidity than archaic sculpture but still not too much dynamic movement, still with serious facial expressions and intense drapery, and a movement towards individualizing rather than idealizing

pericles

The leader of Athens from 495-429 who led Athens in the Peloponnesian war and set in motion plans for the acropolis renovations

delian league

the Ancient Greek alliance of city states against the Persian empire that began on the island of Delos

acropolis

the hill in Athens where the parthenon was built along with other sanctuaries and temples for religious worship and processions to go to

parthenon

the largest temple on the acropolis that was built in 447 BC and saw various uses like becoming a church, becoming a mosque, gunpowder storage, and it was ransacked by lord Elgin, it is in both the doric and ionic style with metopes and triglyphs on the outside and friezes on the inner part, it has east and west pediments depicting the contest for Athens on the west and the birth of Athena in the east, inside was a colossal statue of Athena holding nike and made of of gold ivory and wood built by Phidias 

persian empire

an empire in modern day Iran that was a threat to Greece from the east and was who Alexander the Great fought 

peplos

an Ancient Greek robe/shawl worn by women that would hang over and be worn as a garment, also it was used for religious processions

panathenaia

the large religious festival in Athens held every 4 years in honor of Athena where there would be athletic and other competitions, religious events and sacrifices, and a procession to the acropolis, depicted on the interior frieze of the parthenon

agora

the marketplace/gathering place in Athens for the public to go and interact with each other, teach, preach, or sell things

stoa

a freestanding colonnade in the agora or in sanctuaries that is a gathering area for people to talk and interact or to temporarily set up shop, a true public space with a doric facade and ionic interior

bouleterion

the meeting place of the ruling councils of Athens

ostraka

pieces of broken pottery that were used to kick out a citizen from a city for 10 years if their name was written on the broken pottery enough times and they were voted out by enough people

kleroterion

a way of determining who was a part of a council or voting to see who would get the duty of something by putting a tablet into a slot and picking certain tablets to randomly draw members during a vote/picking

kritios boy

from 480 BC at the tail end of the archaic into the early classical, it was found southeast of the parthenon in a pit with other parts and was found broken up, it is naturalistic in the severe style and is believed to be the last kouros from he stance, but it lacks other archaic features like the eyes and smile, possibly a depiction of an athlete, Theseus, or another hero

artemesion bronze

a sculpture from a shipwreck that either depicts zeus or Poseidon and dates back to 460 BC in the severe style

tyrannicides

the statues of harmodius and aristogeiton who were lovers executed for murder and were celebrated because they killed Hipparchus,the first statue was made in the kerameikos in 509 BC and stolen by Persians and the second was made by kritios and nesiotes in the agora and were found in Hadrian’s villa, they represent civic pride and protection against unwanted tyrants by mortal people rather than divine heroes, the originals were bronze, but the copies are marble

riace bronzes

two bronze statues dating back to 517-394 BC (the younger) and 509-394 BC (the older) based on radiocarbon dating, they were found in a shipwreck off the coast of riace Marian in southern Italy by someone diving, the two statues depict two soldiers, one with a beard and a band around his head making him a warrior and the other with a corinthian helmet and likely both holding a shield and weapon, they likely were sculpted from 460-450 BC in Attica or Argos and made using the lost-wax casting technique and are some of the few remaining bronze statues

nike

the Greek goddess of victory

Piraeus Athena

a bronze statue of Athena from 350 BC in the later classical period found in a shipwreck and depicts Athena with elaborate drapery in her helmet and reaching her arm out the the viewer but not actually looking at them, her bigger size still shows her importance over humans

lost wax method

a method for creating bronze statues where a mold would be made, then an outer mold for the statue would be made in pieces and put together, then the wax would be drained out and filled with bronze to create the bronze statue after the outer mold was taken off

praxiteles

another classical sculptor who created Aphrodite of cnidos and Apollo sauroktonos in the late classical period (350-340-330 BC), he took on a softer style of classical figure emphasizing the s shape of the body and more softer features that were more realistic rather than harsh idealized features

Aphrodite of cnidos

a statue of Aphrodite made by Praxiteles, it was the first completely nude female sculpture from 350-340 BC, it was a new take on the human body with softer and smoother features and looked more human like compared to rigid archaic and early classical sculptures

polykleitos

a classical sculptor from the 5th century BC who was obsessed with perfection and mathematic ratios when depicting the classical male ideal who was often an athlete, created doryphoros, diadoumenos, and discophoros

doryphorus

a statue made by polykleitos from the classical period that depicts a spear bearer, it has a little bit more dynamic movement, still not an expressive face but more detail in the body when creating an idealized perfect version of an athlete

asclepius

healing sanctuary at epidaurus where people would go from all over the world to travel for treatment, it not only had the sanctuary but also had a gym, a tools, a stadium, a theater, and a sewage system, it was build in the 8th century when the grounds were dedicated and transitioned into a sanctuary in the 6th century, dedicated to asclepius son of Apollo and coronas from epidaurus who practiced medicine, they had doctors who would provide treatments and also a place to interact with asclepius

anatomical votives

sculptures of body parts like heads, arms, legs, eyes, breasts, genitals, and whatever people needed healing that would be brought as offerings to sanctuaries and temples so the people could have those specific parts healed

mimesis

imitation, often seen in greek theater where the people would reflect real life in art, sculpture, paintings, pottery, and in plays

apulian vases

vases from Apulia in Italy from 365-355 BC, the late classical period, that shows the shift in style from typical attic pottery to a softer, more decorative and stylized form of pottery taken on in Italy by those who moved over there, these vases had more depictions of women, looser decoration, white-over painting, and more whimsical decoration, workshops came about in 350 BC and a lot of the time it was for funerary scenes on pots

naiskos

a small temple building for the afterlife that was painted on pots used in the naiskos, had figures between life and death and depicted interactions between gods and mortals, appeared on funerary vessels in Greek Italy

peplos kore

found near the erechtheion on the acropolis in a pit of other kouri, it is a statue of a woman wearing a woolen garment belted around the waist thought to be a peplos, it dates to 530 BC (archaic period) and is in an orientalizing archaic style, it was a grave marker/votive that usually depicted a deity on a platform, it has a simplistic and emotive face with an archaic smile, this specific statue breaks symmetry by holding her peplos, and she also has a headpiece, believed to be artemis or Athena

spartan female bronze statue

from the 6th century bc, small bronze figurines and statuettes were used likely as offerings or votives or as decoration for parts of other things, not many bronze statues are left because they were melted down and reused

apollo bronze statues

bronze statues of Apollo from mid 7th century Thebes and mid 6th century Thessaly were found dedicated to the god, likely used as religious votives

early coinage

coins were created in the kingdom of Lydia in the late 7th century and they standardized value by creating stamped pieces of metal/electrum used as currency, the greeks adopted this in the 6th century by minting silver coins used for trading and commerce

ludovisi throne

a throne dating back to 460-450 bc from the transition from archaic to early classical severe period, it was found in the villa ludovisi in Rome and depicts Aphrodite coming up from the water and being covered and the sides depict a flute player naked and a covered woman lighting incense, it shows how the Greeks thought about gods and worship and comparing myth to reality as well as the spread of greek culture outside mainland Greece

tomb of the diver

a tomb of an elite male is found with a drawing of a diver dating back to 500-475 BC and is an outlier from other tombs because usually Greek tombs were not decorated and it contained no grave goods, it was found in paestum in Italy and likely was where a member of the elite class was buried, the lid shows the diver and the interior has symposium scenes of men partying, it is the only example of greek wall painting from before the 4th century that is intact 

three revelers vase

a red figure vase dating to 510 BC from vulci in Italy, it was painted by euthymides and depicts three characters with a new ¾ view, not just a side view or front view for a god, they appear to be drunk and enjoying themselves

temple of aphaia on aegina

a temple to aphaia found on aegina dating to 500-480 BC late archaic with objects dating back to the late Bronze Age that lasted into the classical period, it has pediments with scenes from the trojan war and show past victories as a way to promote future victories, the pediments incorporate both archaic and classical style warriors with a archaic warrior in the west pediment and a classical warrior in the east pediment

erechtheion

the temple built on the acropolis in the late 5th century (early classical) period to replace the ancient temple of Athena polias and it contains the caryatids that hold up the porch roof of the temple, one of them is in the British museum

grave stele of dexileos

a grave marker found in the kerameikos in Athens from 394 BC dedicated to dexileos who died in the corinthian war, It shows him at a powerful moment to show his strength and power that he wanted to be remembered after his death, shows of wealth, power, and glory