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vertical integration

vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

trust

A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

horizontal integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller- joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly.

William Graham Sumner

Advocate of Social Darwinism who justified inequality claiming that wealth was an product of natural selection.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Scientific Management System

Frederick Taylor's created this to help industrial engineers to produce more efficient factories.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Terrence Powderly

He was the national spokesman for the working man as head of the Knights of Labor, which was founded in Philadelphia in 1869. It opened their doors to skilled and unskilled workers, immigrants, blacks, and women.

American Federation of Labor

Organization founded by Samuel Gompers that focused on "bread and butter" issues: better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for laissez-faire capitalism.

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Pullman Strike

1894 - nonviolent strike at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages. President. Cleveland ultimately shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

Haymarket Square

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, a bomb went off, killing police. Led to the perception of the Knights of Labor as radicals.

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

yellow dog contracts

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

Pinkertons

Members of the Chicago police force that were often used as strike breakers.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Armour & Swift

Created refrigerated railraod cars for Chicago slaughterhouses. The "meat kings" of the Gilded Age.

Laissez-Faire

Idea that government should not interfere or regulate industries and businesses so that economy can prosper.

Comstock Laws

outlawed distribution of "obscene" material through the mail, including medical texts and information on birth control and STIs.

Booker T. Washington

(1856-1915) Prominent black American who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. Criticized for "accommodating" segregation.

Eugenics

Government enforced birth control, prevention and sterilization of people determined useless and inferior

tenements

Apartment buildings for poor tenants; often very crowded and very dirty

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

muckrakers

A group of writers, journalists, and critics who exposed corporate malfeasance and political corruption in the first decade of the 20th century.

political machines

an unofficial system of a political organization based on patronage and the spoils system; typically led by a bosses and sustained by workers who depend on the patronage generated by government contracts and jobs.

Boss Tweed

A disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption; head of Tammany Hall.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs. Still in existence as the FDA.

Hull House

A settlement house started by Jane Addams in Chicago to house, feed, and educate the poor.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

1911- An industrial accident that caused the death of 146 garment workers. This incident led to the legislation of an improvement in factory working conditions and building codes.

Vice Commissions

Created in 1910 by Chicago mayor to address the issue of prostitution in the city.

Jacob Riis

Reporter and author of How the Other Half Lives (1890) who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the major cities where immigrants lived.

Progressives

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.

Pendleton Act 1883

Law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Election of 1890

Congressional election where Democrats took a majority, and where the Farmers Alliance first won some seats

Populism

a movement formed by farmers who wanted a reduced tariff, a graduated income tax, government control of the railroads, and extension of the money supply (silver).

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party calling for the unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, and a graduated income tax.

Depression of 1893

Caused by agricultural depression, labor disruption, overspeculation (as usual), and loss of credit due to free silver agitation.

Coxey's Army

1893 - Group of unemployed workers led by who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief.

Cross of Gold

Speech given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on a ________", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

Bland-Allison Act 1878

Law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars.

Free Silver

Policy support by farmers for the unlimited coinage of silver.

New South

Vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States known for: conservationism, trust-busting, and the Square Deal.

Roosevelt Corollary

an extension of the Monroe Doctrine which gave the US the right to be an international police power in the western hemisphere

Square Deal

Progressive policy that called for government control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.

Northern Securities Company

Roosevelt ordered the Justice Department to use the Sherman Antitrust Act against this railroad monopoly in the NW. Earned Roosevelt the nickname "the trustbuster."

International Workers of the World

1905 - Also known as the Wobblies - created in opposition to American Federation of Labor. Followed socialist ideas based off of Karl Marx.

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

dollar diplomacy

President Taft's policy of building strong economic ties to Latin America. (Nicaragua, DR, Haiti, Virgin Islands)

Niagara Movement

Founded in 1905, a group of African Americans that called for full civil liberties, and end of racial discrimination and recognition of human brotherhood.

W.E.B. Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

William Howard Taft

Alienated many liberal Republicans who later formed the Progressive Party, by defending the Payne-Aldrich Act which unexpectedly continued high tariff rates.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson platform in the Election of 1912. It favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets.

referendum

A procedure for submitting to popular vote measures passed by the legislature or proposed amendments to a state constitution.

La Folette

Progressive politician who created the Wisconsin Idea that led to state reforms like direct primaries

James A. Garfield

He was assassinated so Stalwarts could be in power in the government. This brought about reforms in the spoils systems.

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.

Ashcan School

A group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907 who t believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail.

Gibson Girl

A popular icon of the "new woman." She was shown relishing her freedom by being active (biking, playing tennis, or playing golf)

New Immigrants

this is what the new wave of people from small towns and villages in eastern and southern Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland, Austria-Hungary) were called

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Carry Nation was a leader of this group that focused on convincing women that it was their moral duty to improve society through prohibition.

Ida B. Wells

African American civil rights and women's rights advocated who focused much of her writing on the problem of lynching in the south.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

This was passed in 1890 to help promote competition in industry but was used to help break up unions before Teddy Roosevelt used it to break up monopolies.

Santa Clara County v Southern Pacific Railroad

in 1886 this supreme court case regarded corporations as people and upheld their 14th amendment rights. It protected the railroads against "unequal" taxation.

Wabash v Illinois

In 1886 this Supreme Court Case stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Proclamation Line

________________(MAP) After the French and Indian war this was drawn by the British King and his council to separate the colonists from hostile Amerindians that rose up during Pontiac's Rebellion.

Treaty of Paris

________________ (MAP) Signed with the British to end the revolutionary war this established original borders of the United States, but some borders were disputed/undefined.

Northwest Ordinance

Under the Articles of Confederation this was passed which set up the process by which territories will become a state, it also outlawed slavery in the territories.

Constitution Ratified

Under this congress had the power to admit new states. The first state admitted to the union under this process was Vermont, followed by Tennessee and Kentucky.

Pickney's Treaty

Signed with Spain in 1795 this gave the United States the right to use the port of New Orleans and the right to navigate the Mississippi. This was vital for the transport of goods.

Louisiana Purchase

______________(MAP) Jefferson sent envoys sent to France to negotiate a deal for New Orleans. They were surprised when the French foreign minister offered to sell France's entire holdings in North America. This deal effectively doubled the size of the United States after it was acquired from France for $15,000,000.

Anglo American Convention

_______________(MAP) Signed with the British in 1818 this treaty gave joint occupation of the Oregon Territory and set the border at the 49th parallel which ceded the Red River area to the United States

Adams Onis Treat

_______________(MAP) Signed with Spain this ceded East Florida and Spain gave up all of its claims on the Oregon Country.

Missouri Compromise

Congress settled their differences over the extension of slavery into the Louisiana Territory with this compromise in 1820

36'30''

This was the parallel set that divided the Louisiana territory between free and slave except Missouri which was above this line

Texas Annexation

______________(MAP) Tyler annexed this independent republic and later Polk instigated a War with Mexico by placing troops on the disputed territory.

54'40''

Polk claimed that he would gain the Oregon territory to this parallel or would fight.

Oregon Treaty

________________ (MAP) This settled the joint claim by the British and the United States and extended the 49th parallel as the northern border of the U.S. all the way to the pacific in 1846

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

________________ (MAP) This gave the U.S. not only Texas and the disputed lands around it but also the Mexican Cession which included California and the Utah and New Mexico Territories in 1848 following the Mexican American War.

Gadsden Purchase

______________ (MAP) United States purchased a strip of land along the U.S.-Mexico border for $10 intended for a southern transcontinental railroad

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Wilmot Proviso

bill proposed by congressman, David Wilmot, to forbid slavery in any new territories from Mexico

Kansas Nebraska Act

Douglas led this act through congress, which repealed the Missouri Compromise line in exchange for a northern route for the transcontinental railroad. It opened up territory to popular sovereignty.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Popular Sovereignty

Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Compromise of 1850

North-South agreement that added California as a free state, NM and Utah based on popular sovereignty, new fugitive slave law.

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's attack on a federal arsenal- on October 16th 1859- stopped by General Robert E. Lee and is hung becoming a martyr

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court ruled against Scott because African Americans were not considered citizens, slaves were property, and the Missouri Compromise was illegal because a person cannot be denied their property.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

20 Slave Law

Law passed by Confederate Congress that effectively exempted wealthy plantation owners from military service. Led to claims that the Civil War was a "rich man's war"

Habeas Corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge. Habeas corpus was suspended by President Lincoln during the Civil War in the name of public safety. Many Confederate sympathizers were arrested.

John Merryman

a Marylander arrested for insurrectionary (rebellious) activities during the Civil War who petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus