Exam 3 (Final)- PSY of Sexuality

DSM

the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Psychological and psychiatric disorders)

ICD-11

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published by the World Health Organization (WHO) (defined in many other countries)

Some paraphilias that involve consent among adults have the potential for..

physical harm, and a well-informed partner can help minimize this

Apotemnophilia

is a rare condition in which a physically healthy person seeks amputation of a functional limb or other part of the body, such as one’s own finger or genitalia.

Asphyxiophilia/ autoerotic asphyxia (AEA)

Deriving sexual pleasure from the sensation of being choked or from the sensation of choking oneself

voyeuristic disorder

 A pattern of sexual excitement gained from watching another person without that person’s consent or knowledge

Exhibitionistic disorder

involves gaining sexual gratification from revealing one’s genitalia to another person without his or her permission, usually in public or in an environment where such behavior is inappropriate, deriving sexual pleasure from doing this or from the idea of doing this.

naturalism (nudism)

Enjoying being in areas at home, indoors, or outside in nature without clothes on, primarily for nonsexual reasons. (Prefer designated clothing-optional area)

Frotteuristic disorder

sexual gratification from rubbing up against someone without his or her permission or from the thought of doing this.

marital rape laws

Laws that once permitted husbands to rape their wives.

Hebephilia

attraction and arousal in adults focused on pubescent adolescents to post-pubescent adolescents (ages 15-19)

sexual addiction

 An idea in popular culture that problematic sexual behavior resembles addiction to psychoactive substances

Megan’s Law

An informal term for laws that require labeling a perpetrator of a sexual offense as a sex offender in a publicly accessible registry.

aversion treatment

A therapy formerly tried with paraphilias, pairing the paraphilic stimulus with a vile-smelling chemical or visual stimulus that is disgusting to the person; does not work reliably.

Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy

 involves helping a person to identify and correct cognitive distortions and to learn triggers and cues that precede problematic behavior and also addresses other psychosocial skill deficits or comorbid psychological disorders.

Kinks

 sexual activities and interests that have a specific focus, which are undertaken by oneself or involve consenting adult human partners, which do not cause distress or dysfunction

Fetishism

sexual arousal to parts of the body, specific materials, or inanimate objects 

Paraphilias

specific sexual fantasy, activity, or interest that becomes a focus of intense sexual fantasy or behavior, which causes distress or dysfunction

BDSM

being sexually aroused by any combination of bondage, domination, sadism and/or masochism, involving inflicting or receiving pain, humiliation or restraint for sexual pleasure

Sadism

 inflicting of pain or humiliation for sexual pleasure 

Masochism

deriving sexual pleasure in receiving humiliation, bondage, or pain

Dominatrix

woman who takes the roles of sadist

Gerontophilia

people who are exclusively attracted to the very elderly

Transvestism

heterosexual male aroused by wearing women’s clothing

Mechanophiles

 peoples who are sexually aroused by machines 

Eproctophilia

being aroused by the sound and/or smell of flatus (farts)

Internet has served to: 

• Normalize the experience of people with kinks and fetishes 

• Reduce feelings of shame or embarrassment 

• Make it easier for people to find others who share similar interests and realizing that other do share such interests 

Clinical approach to consenting paraphilias begins by..

identifying and addressing the causes of distress or dysfunction 

Vanilla sex

 how people with kinks and fetishes may refer to a person without any kinks or fetishes

Distress can be reduced by..

confining the paraphilic interests to fantasy or erotic material rather than action 

Streaking

person runs naked in a public area where everyone else is clothed

A problem people seeking preventative help face is that..

 they are afraid they will be assumed to have already offended

Societal responses to perpetrators of nonconsensual paraphilias usually..

begin with punishment (types of punishment vary)

Types of possible treatment for nonconsenual paraphilias:

• Classical conditioning

• Masturbating to the paraphilic stimulus until no further sexual interest is possible 

• Aversion therapy 

• Cognitive behavioral therapy

Minor

A person who is under a certain age; for sexual contact, under the age of consent.

age of consent

the legal age at which a person can consent to sexual contact with an adult.

Pedophilic disorder

refers to an intense and recurrent sexual attraction toward children by someone who is an older adolescent or an adult.

Ephebophilia

Attraction and arousal in adults focused on mid- to late adolescents, approximately between the ages of 15 and 19

Minor-attracted person (or people) (MAP)

 A term preferred by some people with pedophilia, also applies to adults who have an attraction to minors but does not meet the DSM age criteria for pedophilia.

child sexual abuse (CSA)

Adult-minor sexual contact by a person over the age of consent with a person under the legal age of consent. (Can include minors who engage in sexual behavior with other minors)

intrafamilial CSA

is sexual contact that occurs between adults and minors where the adults have a parental or other family role, such as stepparents, sexual partners of a child’s mother or father (e.g., boyfriend or girlfriend), and siblings and stepsiblings.

Incest

Sexual contact that occurs between any close biological relatives,including those of the same age.

sexual offense

 Any sexual activity that is illegal; may involve a minor or an adult and any prohibited activity. (CSA, rape, and any illegal activity involving pornography)

mandated reporters

people who are required to make mandatory reports to child protective services if a minor is being abused.

false memory syndrome

believed-in but untrue recollections of earlier events, developed under suggestive memory techniques such as guided imagery and hypnosis

Rape

Sexual contact without consent (aka sexual assault)

acquaintance rape

rape, or date rape, is frequently applied to situations where the perpetrator is known and the assault occurs in the context of an established relationship.

(Cultural attitudes affect the reporting and prosecution of sexual assault)

rape shield laws

Laws that limit the introduction of evidence about a victim’s sexual history.

(Limit other irrelevant information of the way a victim is dressed and info about prior consensual sex with the accused perpetrator) 

intimate partner violence (IPV)

Physical violence in an emotionally and sexually intimate relationship.

(College students are highly susceptible to this)

Stalking

the obsessive pursuit of an imagined, desired, current, or former romantic partner.

restorative justice

a focus on repairing the harm done to a person and the community by a crime

civil commitment of sexually violent predators (SVPs)

Anyone with a mental disorder who is a significant danger to self or others can be committed under civil legal proceedings, even if they have not committed a crime.

Estimates of male victims of CSA are..

underreported due to societal prejudices about gender roles 

Substantial portion of the perpetrators of CSA..

are themselves juveniles

In most extrafamilial abuse..

perpetrator is known to the child 

Intrafamilial abusers are..

less likely to be reported to the authorities 

Risk factors for perpetrating CSA

drugs, alcohol abuse, history of having been abused oneself 

Arousal pattern for those identified as having pedophilia:

• Greatest relative arousal was to children

• Less to adolescents 

• Least to adults 

Effects of CSA:

• Adult sexual dysfunction 

• Depression (high risk)

• problems with self-esteem 

• suicide risk 

• 40% increase of marrying someone with alcoholism 

• 40-50% increase in problems with current marriage 

• Eating disorders 

Tarasoff duties

to warn the potential victim or the guardian / Protected by notifying authorities 

False accusations of CSA may be due to..

false recollections of abuse 

Views vary regarding Adult-Minor sex:

• Capacity to consent

• Right of minors to autonomy 

• Ages of consent vary particularly with older adults 

Avoiding and responding to sexual assaults:

• addressing gendered stereotypes—> reduce sexual aggression 

• Confronting sexually hostile attitudes 

• Pornography and games with sexually violent content 

• Avoiding intoxication with partners who may have impulse controls issues or aggression 

• Self-defense training 

Post-Rape Effects:

• Detached state of shock and emotional numbness 

• Desire to wash as they feel dirty 

• PTSD

• Sexual dysfunction 

• Increased risk of major depressive episodes and alcohol abuse 

Cycles of abuse:

Tension building phase

poor communication and attempts by the victim to appease the abuser 

Cycles of abuse:

Violent phase

sudden violent outburst 

Cycles of abuse:

Reconciliation phase

abuser promises to never offend again and expresses genuine remorse 

Other patterns of abuse:

• bidirectional violence 

• abusive partner remains controlling and manipulative 

• limiting abused partner’s freedom and access to money and resources 

• Death threats or violence if abused partner leaves

Grudge stalking

 done deliberately for the purposes of revenge and intimidation

Erotomania

delusion that the person being stalked is attracted to the stalker 

Punishment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders

• Criminal sentences range from probation to a lifetime in prison 

• Mandatory treatment programs (social skills training addressing underlying psychosocial issues, identifying behavioral triggers and cues, and eliminating cognitive distortions)

• Chemical castration 

• Physical castration (requested by some sexual offenders)

Circles of Support and Accountability: 

• Encourage responsibility for the offender's behavior

• Focus on support after release from prison to ensure that re-offending does not happen 

Cognitive behavioral model (CBT)

focuses on social skills training and anger management 

Duluth Model

uses the Power and Control Wheel and focuses on gender relation, male privilege, patriarchal assumptions, and behaviors 

Stealthing

a type of sexual assault where a male partner, who is believed to be using a condom, removes condom and doesn’t tell his partner

In order to protect students from sexual assault..

the Title IX law is used to require investigations of sexual harassment and gender-based discrimination on college campuses

TIME’S UP and #MeToo movements are about..

helping to reduce all types of sexual aggression, harassment and assault 

Honor killings

gender violence which targets women for a perceived violation of family honor (usually perpetrated by a family member)

Other types of gender violence:

• female infanticide

• elder abuse

• lack of access to family planning and reproductive healthcare

• female genital mutilations

• selectively nourishing boys over girls, educating girls less than boys 

Sexual harassment

wide range of unwelcome behaviors that are sexual in nature (demands for sex in exchange for employment, unwanted sexual attention, jokes that are sexual and offensive) 

Environmental harassment

involves a workplace or other environment which is hostile in terms of sexual comments, offensive jokes, tolerance for sexual innuendo or other sexualized or gender based hostility 

Quid Pro Quo Harassment

Sex is necessary for obtaining or retaining some type of resource that the harasser controls over the victim

Prevention, Effects, and Coping with Harassment:

•  Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

• communication behavior is unwanted

• document the situation, etc.,

Gender Harrassment

unwanted sexual attention combined with sexual harassment

Dual Relationships

 Association or intimate relationship with someone with whom one has a professional relationship (sexually intimate relationships with patients are against ethical codes) 

erotica, erotic, pornography, or porn

Representations of people and sexual acts in literature, art, photography, and video for the purposes of sexual pleasure of the recipient.

Obscene

Refers to sexually explicit material that a person deems inappropriate; in law, applies to sexual material that is regulated, restricted, or banned.

prostitution and sex work

 The act of receiving money for sexual contact, with sex work having a less negative connotation.

The most dangerous and also the lowest-paid type of sex work involves..

streetwalkers or hustlers. (Legal in Germany)

sexual tourism

Travel that is specifically for seeking sexual services, frequently people from higher-wage affluent industrialized countries to areas in lower-wage developing economies.

According to different cultures and contexts sexually explicit materials may: 

• Have artistic, ceremonial, ritualistic, or religious use or meaning 

• Primarily for sexual stimulation and pleasure 

• Have multiple uses and meanings

Research studies about porn and offending have indicated

• Those who committed violent crimes against women did not have more pornography exposure than others 

• Clear links exist between pornography use and sexually aggressive behavior in a subset of males are associate with sexual aggression 

Sexting:

consensual transmission of images by those under the age of 18 to one another (some states identify adolescents as sex offenders)

analyses suggest that females..

may prefer different types of pornography (usually erotic literature and visual pornography)

A vast majority of clients are ______, vast majority of sex workers are _______

1. males / 2. females

Research suggests that sex imbalances exist in…

recreational use of strip clubs

Prostitutes have been documented as being affiliated with temples and places of worship in places such as:

Greece, India, and Babylonia 

High-end escort services:

males may pay $10,000 or more for an evening of companionship with a highly educated female sex worker 

Human trafficking

illegal movement of people across national borders 

Voluntary

 when people emigrate (legally or otherwise)