biol207 respiratory and lymphatic systems

naturally acquired passive immunity

transfer is mother to child across placenta or in breast milk

artificially acquired passive immunity

transfer of serum containing antibody for another person or animal

chronic bronchitis

bronchial edema, chronic cough, inflammation results from respiratory infection or irritation from smoke or pollution

internal intercostals

what muscles assist with exhalation

breathing

ventilation of the lungs

external respiration

gas exchange in the lungs

internal respiration

gas exchange in tissues/cells

cellular respiration

production of ATP

resistance

surface tension to alveoli, surfactant released to reduce this tension

compliance

tendency of lungs to expand due to pulling action exerted by pleural membranes

functions of respiratory system

ventilation of the lungs; filtering, warming, humidification of air; exchange of respiratory gases (waste removal, pH balance); detection of odors, sound production; defense

respiratory pump

aids in venous return, return of lymph

URT parts

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

URT functions

warm/humidify/filter air, vocalization, olfaction, knocking out particles, equalizing pressure in head

LRT parts

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

LRT function

movement of air, site of gas exchange, protection of lungs, pressure changes

conducting zone

move air into lungs

respiratory zone

gas exchange through squamous epithelium of alveoli, through capillaries into blood

nose

what is the resonating chamber for vocalization

vestibule

space contained within the external nasal structures

internal nares

paranasal sinus ducts

structures of the nose

vestibule, nasal cavity, internal nares, nasal septum, nasal conchae, olfactory epithelium

cartilage of the larynx

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate

thyroid cartilage

adam’s apple

slender, shorter folds

higher pitch

thicker, longer folds

lower pitch

phonation

air passing through the glottis vibrates vocal cords

articulation

resonation of sound in sinuses and against structures, fine movement of voluntary muscles (tongue, cheek, lips)

what do the cartilages in the larynx do

regulate air volume

trachea

continuous with larynx, ciliated columnar epithelium, 15-20 c-shaped cartilages

function of tracheal cartilage

prevent collapse, protect airway, flexible enough to let food pass in esophagus

bronchial tree

epithelium changes to simple columnar in terminal bronchioles, cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases

hilus

where do the primary bronchi enter the lungs

right lung

superior, middle, inferior lobes

left lung

superior, inferior, cardiac notch

mucus and serous gland secretions

what do ciliated regions produce

psuedostratified ciliated columnar

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi, lobar bronchi

simple ciliated columnar

segmented bronchi, smaller bronchi, large bronchioles

simple ciliated cuboidal

terminal and respiratory bronchioles (progressive loss of cilia)

simple squamous

alveolar ducts and alveoli

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

regions subject to abrasion (oropharynx, laryngopharynx, superior portion of larynx

tonsils

pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, lingual

pulmonary circulation

gas exchange

bronchial circulation

part of systemic, transportation of nutrients/wastes to larger airways

azygos

right bronchial vein

hemiazygos

left bronchial vein

pressures that change

intrapulmonary/intra-alveolar and intrapleural

pressure that doesn’t change

atmospheric (760mmHg)

sympathetic innervation of the bronchioles

t1-t5, bronchodilation

parasympathetic innervation of the bronchioles

vagus nerve, bronchoconstriction, innervates the larynx

smooth muscle

what muscle is innervated by the ANS

eupnea

normal breathing involving all 3 pressures

accessory

what muscles assist with inhalation

Boyle’s law

volume and pressure are inversely related when temp is constant

inspiration

diaphragm contracts and flattens, ribcage rises, external intercostals contract, volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases

muscles of inspiration

diaphragm (75%), external intercostals (25%), sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor (speed and movement)

expiration

volume decreases, diaphragm relaxes, ribcage lowers, intrapulmonic pressure rises, air flows out due to elastic recoil

elastic recoil

surfactant in lungs reduces surface tension

muscles of expiration

abdominals, internal intercostals

high compliance

lungs expand easily with pressure gradient

low compliance

lungs resist expansion with pressure gradient

reasons for low compliance

increased surface tension, loss of elastic fibers, blockage of passageways, decreased flexibility of thoracic cage, other factors that reduce natural resilience of lungs

elasticity

process by which lungs return to resting volume

air makeup

N2- 78.6%, O2- 20.9%, CO2- 0.04%, water/other gases- 0.5%

how to calculate partial pressure

multiplying the fraction occupied by the gas times the total pressure of the mixture

henry’s law

when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

decompression sickness patho

rapid decrease in pressure surrounding someone, nitrogen is absorbed in tissues at depth according to ambient pressure, nitrogen gas bubbles out of blood and lodges in tissues/vessels

decompression sickness symptoms

tissue damage, CNS damage, cardio/pulm reactions, bubbles in/near joints that cause pain, spinal flexion (the bends)

pulmonary gas exchange

oxygen diffuses from air to alveoli to blood in pulmonary capillaries, CO2 goes the other way, converts deoxygenated blood to oxygenated

partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli

100mmHG

partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary capillaries

40mmHg

partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli

40mmHg

partial pressure of CO2 in pulmonary capillaries

45mmHG

factors affecting rate of pulmonary/systemic exchange

partial pressures, diffusion distance, molecular weight and solubility of gases, surface area available for gas exchange

why does oxygen enter tissues

pressure, pH, partial pressure of CO2, temperature, 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

where does CO2 in the blood go

HCO3- (70%), globin (23%), dissolved in plasma (7%)

medulla

respiratory center of the brain

dorsal respiratory group

neurons activate inspiration

ventral respiratory group

neurons activate expiration (only forced)

function of pons

responsible for fine-tuning the actions of medullary centers, smooth out transitions from inspiration to exhalation, prevents over-inflation of lungs

peripheral chemoreceptors

aortic sinus and carotid sinus, respond to increased CO2 and decreased pH

central chemoreceptors

in medulla, respond to increased CO2 and decreased pH

increase PCO2

increase RR

decrease PCO2

decrease RR

increased pH

decrease RR

decrease pH

increase RR

what do baroreceptors do

modify RR based on BP (inversely related)

hearing-breurer reflex

not involved in normal breathing

inflation reflex

protective reflex initiated by extreme overinflation; inhibition of inspiratory centers and stimulation of expiratory centers

deflation reflex

protective reflex initiated by lung deflation; inhibits expiratory centers and stimulate inspiratory centers

protective reflexes

triggered in response to toxic vapors, chemical irritants, or mechanical stimuli

apnea

temporary suspension of breathing followed by forceful expulsion of air (sneezing coughing, laryngeal spasms)

hypercapnia

acidosis

hypercapnia causes

neuromuscular diseases, chest trauma, acute lung disease

hypercapnia effects

increase in blood PCO2, decrease in blood pH, more carbonic acid formed, increase in CO2 in IF, increase in blood HCO3-

hypocapnia

alkalosis

hypocapnia causes

anxiety, fever, injury to respiratory center

hypocapnia effects

decrease in PCO2, increase in blood pH, carbonic acid is lost, chemoreceptors increase HR, decrease in blood HCO3-

endoderm

where do most respiratory structures come from

ectoderm

what forms the nasal cavities