Intro to A&P

Abdominal

Relating to the abdomen, the area of the body between the chest and pelvis that contains many digestive organs.

Anatomy

The study of the structure and organization of the human body and its parts.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body. Also called ventral.

Caudal

Toward the lower end of the body or toward the tail.

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

An imaginary plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

Cranial

Toward the head or skull. Also called superior.

Deep

Located farther away from the body's surface; internal.

Distal

Farther from the point where a limb attaches to the body or farther from the point of origin.

Dorsal

Toward the back of the body. Also called posterior.

Frontal

Refers to the front of the body or the frontal (coronal) plane, which divides the body into front and back sections.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes inside or outside the body.

Inferior

Below another body part or toward the feet.

Integumentary

Relating to the body's outer covering, including the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

Intermediate

Located between two structures.

Lateral

Away from the body's midline.

Medial

Toward the body's midline.

Negative Feedback Loop

A homeostatic mechanism that reverses a change and returns the body to its normal state

Pelvic

Relating to the pelvis, the lower part of the trunk that contains the bladder and reproductive organs

Physiology

The study of how the body and its organs function

Positive Feedback Loop

A mechanism that amplifies or increases a change until a specific event is completed

Posterior

Toward the back of the body. Also called dorsal.

Proximal

Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body or closer to the point of origin

Sagittal Plane

An imaginary plane that divides the body into right and left portions. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal halves.

Superficial

Located near or on the body's surface.

Superior

Above another body part or toward the head.

Transverse Plane

An imaginary plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. Also called the horizontal plane.

Ventral

Toward the front or belly side of the body. Also called anterior.

Gross anatomy

the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification

microscopic anatomy

the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices

What needs to be present for something to be considered alive?

• cellular organization

• responsiveness to the environment

• growth and development

• reproduction

• energy processing

• homeostasis

• adaptation

organization of cells

Atoms→molecules→cell—→tissues—→ organs—→ organ systems—→ organisms

Metabolism

the countless chemical reactions that occur within cells to convert energy from food, sunlight, or other sources into usable forms

Growth and Development

Growth involves an increase in size, often through cell division and the production of new cellular material.

Development refers to the changes that occur throughout an organism’s life cycle, leading to increased complexity and maturity

stimulus

any change, either inside or outside the organism, that causes a response.

What elements and percentages is the human body made up of?

• Oxygen (O) = about 65%

• Carbon(C)=about 18%

• Hydrogen (H)= about 10%

• Nitrogen (N)= about 3%

What other elements make up the body (4% left over)

• Calcium (Ca)

• Phosphorus (P)

• Potassium (K)

• Sodium(Na)

• Sulfur (S)

• Chlorine (Cl)

• Magnesium(Mg)

• Iron

Glucose

provides energy for cells

Carbon dioxide

waste product removed during respiration

Proteins

build and repair tissues and regulate chemical reactions

Lipids

store energy and form cell membranes

DNA

contains the genetic instructions for building and maintaining every cell in the body.

The integumentary system

consisting of the skin, hair, and nails, protects the body from injury and infection.

The skeletal system

provides support, protects internal organs, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

The muscular system

allows movement and generates heat.

The nervous system

rapidly coordinates body activities through electrical signals.

The endocrine system

regulates long-term processes through hormones.

The cardiovascular system

transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

The lymphatic System

helps maintain fluid balance

The immune systems

defend the body against disease.

The respiratory system

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

The digestive system

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

The urinary system

removes metabolic waste while regulating water and electrolyte balance

The reproductive system

enables the production of offspring.

Anatomical position

• Palms up (supinated)

• Thumbs out

• Feet forward

• Head/eyes straight ahead

What are the largest body cavities in the body?

The dorsal (posterior)

The Ventral (anterior)

Cavities in the dorsal body cavity

1. Cranial cavity

2. Vertebral Cavity

Cavities in the ventral body cavity

1. Thoracic cavity

2. Abdominal cavity

3. Pelvic cavity

What is in the cranial cavity?

Brain

What is in the vertebral cavity?

Spinal cord

What is in the thoracic cavity?

Heart

Lungs

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Liver

Stomach

Pancreas

Spleen

Gall bladder

Large intestines

Small intestines

1. Right hypochondriac region

2. Epigastric region

3. Left hypochondriac region

4. Right lumbar region

5. Umbilical region

6. Left lumbar region

7. Right iliac region

8. Hypogastric region

9. Left iliac region

1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

2. Right Lower quadrant (RLQ)

3. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

What membrane covers the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Serous Membrane

What layer lines the cavity walls?

Parietal layer

What layer lines the organ?

Visceral layer.

What are the three serous cavities?

1. The pleura

2. The pericardium

3. The peritoneum

Where is the pleural cavity located?

Encloses the pleural cavity located around the lungs.

Where is the pericardium located?

Encloses the pericardial cavity located around the heart.

Where is the peritoneal located?

Encloses the peritoneal cavity located around several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.

What is the purpose of the three serous cavities?

to reduce friction between the organs and the body or cavity wall.