Honors Physical Science Final Review

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What scientific tool is used to measure length?

Meter Stick

What scientific tool is used to measure a liquid?

Graduated Cylinder

What scientific tool is used to measure mass?

Scale

When are exponents positive in scientific notation?

Moving to the left

When are exponents negative in scientific notation?

Moving to the right

Independent variable

The variable that you change in an experiment

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment

Constant

Variables that do not change in an experiment

What is the slope of a flat line?

Slope=0

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

3 main phases of matter

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

Solid

Definite volume and shape, particles vibrate

Liquid

Definite volume and indefinite shape, particles move and spread out

Gas

Indefinite volume and shape, particles go further apart

Physical Change

Changed affecting the form of the substance but not changing the substance

Chemical Change

Forms a new substance

Solute

Smaller quantity, being dissolved

Solvent

Larger quantity, doing the dissolving

Gas to Liquid

Condensation

Liquid to Gas

Evaporation

Solid to Liquid

Melting

Liquid to Solid

Freezing

Gas to Solid

Deposition

Solid to Gas

Sublimation

Thermal Change

Sloped lines, change in speed

Phase Change

Flat lines, change in distance

Can particle change speed and spacing at the same time?

No! Physical and thermal changes cannot occur at the same time.

Homogenous

A mixture/solution that is only one element or one compound

Heterogenous

A mixture/solution that contains more than one element or compound that are not chemically combined

Element

Anything on the periodic table

Compound

2 or more different elements

Can homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures be separated?

They are both mixtures, therefore, they can be both physically separated

Density

Mass/volume, the slope of a graph

Proton

Positive charge, in nucleus

Electron

Negative charge, in electron cloud

Neutron

No charge, in nucleus

Neutral Atom

Protons are equal to electrons

Neutron formula

Atomic mass-atomic number

Order of atom discoveries

1: Dalton, atom is a sphere

2: Rutherford, atom is empty space

3: Bohr, electrons found in orbitals

Isotope

Same element, different number of neutrons=different mass

Ion

Same element, different number of electrons=changes charge, (cation and anion)

Valence electron

An electron in the outermost shell

Alkali Metals

1 valence electron, highly reactive

Alkaline Earth Metals

2 valence electrons, reactive

Transition Metals

Varying amt. of valence electrons, metallic properties

Metalloids

Metal and nonmetal properties, on the staircase

Nonmetals

Right side of the staircase

Halogens

7 valence electrons, reactive

Noble Gases

8 valence electrons, not reactive

Molecule

Two of the same or two different elements

Ionic

Metal/nonmetal, uses charges

Covalent

Nonmetal x2, prefixes

Chemical reaction signs

1. Color change

2. Temperature

3. Gas formation (bubbles)

4. Energy release (heat and light)

5. Formation of precipitate (solid)

Law of conservation of mass

Mass cannot be created or destroyed

Endothermic

Heat in, gets colder

Exothermic

Heat out, gets warmer

Voltage

The force that pushes current through, measured in volts

Current

The flow of electrons, measured in amps

Resistance

The tendency to resist the flow of current, measured in ohms

Like and opposite charges

Like charges repel, opposite charges attract

How do we get the number of rings in a Bohr model?

The period of the element

Period

Horizontal

Column/family

Vertical