Chapter 7 - Energy Storage

What are the two main types of batteries commonly used?

Single-use and rechargeable batteries.

Single-use batteries are sometimes referred to as _ types.

primary

What type of electrolyte is found in an alkaline battery?

An alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide.

Term: Button-cell battery

A small, flat, single-cell battery, typically between 5 mm and 25 mm in diameter.

What are two common uses for button-cell batteries?

Powering calculators and hearing aids.

What is the typical voltage produced by a single AA or AAA battery?

Around 1.5 volts (V).

What is the typical voltage of a larger PP3 battery?

9 volts (V).

What are two common applications for a 9V PP3 battery?

Smoke alarms and medical equipment.

Compared to single-use batteries, rechargeable batteries are initially ______ ________ to purchase.

more expensive

What is the main long-term economic advantage of rechargeable batteries?

They are more economical in the long term as they can be reused.

What is a key disadvantage regarding the lifespan of rechargeable batteries?

They have a limited lifespan and can only be recharged a certain number of times.

Why is it important to recycle batteries?

They contain harmful chemicals and metals that are bad for the environment.

What are two specific environmental risks of improperly disposing of batteries in landfill sites?

Harmful elements can contaminate the ground or poison wildlife.

What is the primary function of a kinetic-pumped storage system?

To top up the National Grid power supply at peak times.

A kinetic-pumped storage system works by having two _ and a hydroelectric dam system.

reservoirs

In a kinetic-pumped storage system, when is water pumped from the lower reservoir to the higher one?

During the night, when excess electricity is produced and costs are lower.

How is electricity generated in a kinetic-pumped storage system during a period of high demand?

The dam is opened, and water from the top reservoir passes through pipes, spinning turbines.

Energy that is stored in objects not in motion is known as _ energy.

potential

Energy that involves motion and movement is known as _ energy.

kinetic

Name three examples of potential energy.

Chemical, Mechanical, Nuclear, or Gravitational energy.

Name three examples of kinetic energy.

Movement, Electricity, Heat, Sound, or Light.

What form of energy is stored in the water of a high-level reservoir in a pumped storage system?

Gravitational potential energy.

What is the formula that describes gravitational potential energy?

E_p = mgh

A smartphone battery stores chemical energy. Name two forms of energy it can emit during use.

Sound waves, light, heat, movement, or radio waves.

In a smartphone, what component produces heat energy during operation?

The processor and circuit board.

In a smartphone, what component is responsible for emitting 'movement' energy?

The rotating motor used for vibrate mode.

Name three ways energy can be stored mechanically.

Compression, tension, and motion.

Besides batteries, name two other forms of chemical energy storage.

Gases, solid fuel, or food.

Term: Pneumatics

The use of compressed air or gas to create movement.

What are two key characteristics of pneumatic systems?

They are very accurate and low maintenance.

What is a common industrial application for pneumatic systems?

Mechanical drills or automated production lines.

In a pneumatic system, a ______ _______ allows compressed air to leave the pump cylinder and be stored in a tank.

one-way valve

Term: Hydraulics

The use of pumped and compressed liquid, instead of air, to create a powerful system.

How do hydraulic systems compare to pneumatic systems in terms of power?

Hydraulic systems are more powerful.

List two applications where hydraulic systems are commonly used.

Lifting equipment, car braking systems, or fire fighter cutting equipment.

What is a flywheel?

A heavy wheel that stores energy as it continually rotates.

How do large flywheel storage facilities operate efficiently?

They keep the flywheels rotating in almost frictionless environments.

Flywheel storage facilities use _ from the National Grid when demand is low to reach optimum speed.

surplus energy

In a flywheel system, how is stored electrical energy returned when needed?

The motor used to power the flywheel becomes a generator.

What does the acronym KERS stand for?

Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems.

What is the main purpose of KERS in vehicles?

To save fuel by recovering and reusing kinetic energy.

How does increasing compression affect the volume needed to store a gas?

The higher the compression, the smaller the volume needed.

A battery stores chemical energy in a series of _.

cells

What is the typical voltage of a single non-rechargeable battery cell?

1.5V.

What is the typical voltage of a single rechargeable battery cell?

1.2V.

How do alkaline batteries compare to traditional lead-acid batteries in terms of efficiency and capacity?

Alkaline batteries are more efficient and have a higher capacity.

What is an advantage of alkaline batteries concerning their physical size and charge?

More charge can be stored in the same size battery.

What are flow batteries?

Large battery units used to help smooth demand on the National Grid.

What are two potential properties of emerging sodium and glass batteries?

They are super-fast charging and have a very high capacity.

According to EU rules from 2010, shops that sell more than _ of batteries must provide a recycling point.

32kg

What is the primary difference between pneumatic and hydraulic systems?

Pneumatic systems use compressed gas, while hydraulic systems use compressed liquid.