Dual process theory

What is Dual Process Theory?

A theory that suggests thinking occurs through two systems: System 1 (fast) and System 2 (slow).

What is System 1 thinking?

Fast, automatic thinking that uses heuristics and past experience but is prone to errors.

What is System 2 thinking?

Slow, effortful thinking that uses logic, reasoning, and concentration and is generally more reliable.

Why do people use System 1 thinking?

Because humans are cognitive misers who prefer to use as little mental effort as possible (law of least effort).

What are heuristics?

Mental shortcuts used by System 1 to make quick decisions.

What is the law of least effort?

The idea that people tend to choose the least mentally demanding way of achieving a goal.

Why do many people get the Wason Selection Test wrong?

Because they rely on System 1 thinking and focus on confirming the rule rather than looking for evidence that could disprove it.

What did Griggs and Cox (1982) find?

People performed much better on the Wason test when it was presented in a real-life context rather than as an abstract problem.

What is a strength of Dual Process Theory?

It helps explain biases, decision-making errors, and why experts can make fast and accurate judgments.

What is a limitation of Dual Process Theory?

It does not clearly explain how System 1 and System 2 interact or how emotions influence thinking