Chapter 21 Hemodynamics outline

What is the primary function of arteries?

Carry blood away from the heart to tissues.

What allows arteries to accommodate high pressure during ventricular ejection?

Elastic tissue in the tunica interna and media.

What are the two types of arteries and their main characteristics?

Muscular arteries have medium diameter and more smooth muscle; elastic arteries have large diameter and more elastic fibers.

What is the primary function of capillaries?

Nutrient and waste exchange between blood and tissue.

What distinguishes fenestrated capillaries from continuous capillaries?

Fenestrated capillaries have pores for efficient fluid exchange, found in kidneys and small intestine.

What is the role of post-capillary venules?

Collect blood from capillaries and allow for nutrient and waste exchange.

How do veins prevent backflow of blood?

By containing valves.

What causes varicose veins?

Weak valves that allow blood pooling or backward flow.

What percentage of total blood volume is found in venous reservoirs?

64%.

What is systolic blood pressure?

The highest pressure during heart contraction.

What is the formula that relates blood pressure to cardiac output and vascular resistance?

BP = CO × Vascular Resistance.

What mechanisms are involved in capillary exchange?

Diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow.

What is the function of baroreceptors?

Detect stretching in blood vessels and help regulate blood pressure.

What triggers the release of renin from the kidneys?

Decreased blood pressure.

What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have on blood pressure?

Causes vasodilation and decreases blood pressure.

What is the definition of shock?

Inadequate circulation to meet the body's oxygen/nutrient demands.

What are common signs and symptoms of shock?

Clammy skin, tachycardia, weak pulse, hypotension, altered mental status.

What happens to blood flow during aging of the cardiovascular system?

There is a loss of aortic compliance and a reduction in cardiac output.

What defines primary hypertension?

Chronic high blood pressure without an identifiable cause.

Which dietary changes can help manage hypertension?

Weight loss, limit alcohol intake, reduce sodium intake, and increase intake of potassium, magnesium, and calcium.